Nuclear Power Plants Sparking an American Debate for Decades

The need for electricity continues to grow each year worldwide. Americans have long sought out an environmentally friendly, safe way of fulfilling their needs for energy. Presently, as concerns for the environment continue to become more prominent in the U.S., the demand for cleaner energy producing practices also becomes more pronounced. One of the cleanest production methods in use today is nuclear power generation (Kidd). Nuclear power plants do not emit the harmful green house gases and other negative by-products associated with the more conventional systems fuelled by coal and natural gas. Nuclear power plants use nuclear reactions to drive their generators. The reactions produce extreme amounts of heat that must be managed. Most†¦show more content†¦The possibility of terrorist groups attacking and gaining access to nuclear facilities has been examined in much detail since September 11, 2001 (Chapin et al.). Opponents of nuclear power generation claim that it is far t oo easy for rebel forces to make dirty bombs out of nuclear waste. Dirty bombs could be made from spent fuel rods and could be devastating if detonated in an urban area; however, they are also harmful to their maker and easily detected (Chapin et al., Maiello). Large cities such as New York have also begun training first responders to detect and deal with dirty bombs (Maiello). Nuclear facilities and processes are also very secure. Studies have shown that the containment vessels used to transport spent fuel rods are very resilient. Field tests completed by the nuclear industry and its regulating bodies have shown that the vessels are susceptible to only the latest anti-tank artillery. They have also shown that even after the containers are breached the resulting risk was minimal (Chapin et al.). Security personnel are also very adept at thwarting sabotage. The U.S. government regulates all nuclear facilities and their security. Highly skilled individuals that specialize in infiltrat ion have been testing mock attacks on nuclear installations for years with limited success (Chapin et al.). S. Fred Singer, Chairman and President ofShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The...

Corporate social responsibility, often abbreviated as ‘CSR’ is an approach taken by corporate companies of different purposes of the welfare of their workers, customers and as well as paying attention to ecological maintainability and responsible advertising. The term ‘CSR’ started becoming popular since World War II and has been a subject of major debate over whether a firm should solely aim for making profits or also consider giving back to its society, therefore, corporate social responsibility should be voluntarily embraced rather than being enforced. This essay focuses on the positive and adverse effects of corporate social responsibility on the companies as well as its importance for the society. Corporate social responsibility has many positive influences as it promotes the organisation to act ethically which results in enhancement of relationship between customers, suppliers and workers. As they say, ‘Charity begins at home’, the first duty of the management is to ensure that all individuals associated with the company are satisfied and involved in advancements to differentiate the company from the competitors. Also corporates should practise ‘CSR’ in order to increase customer retention because it is strongly supported by the public and the company gets media exposure which gives a good reputation and benefits the company in the long run. According to Shrivastav(2014), ‘A 1997 studies by two Boston College management professors found that excellent employees,Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Company Performance And Profitability1949 Words   |  8 PagesThe aim of this paper is to highlight the impact that Corpora te Social Responsibility (CSR) has on company performance and profitability. It will also assess the role of CSR in business activities and in general the theoretical foundations as well as Corporate Citizenship. Furthermore this paper will assess the notion that implementing CSR activities positively affects the image of the organization and can thus boost consumers’ attention and commitment to the organization, which leads to better financialRead MoreThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Business1626 Words   |  7 Pages In contrast, this research shows that the impact of corporate social responsibility can extend beyond public relations and customer goodwill to influence the way consumers evaluate a company s products. 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While corporate responsibility is important, it is always viewed through the fiscal viability dimension of the maelstrom. The business case dominates the representation and operationalization of corporate responsibility. Due to the increased public sensitivity to corporate responsibility, the attitude has evolved from the unnecessary intrusionRead MoreCsr in the Hospitality Industry1293 Words   |  6 PagesStillwater September 29, 2009 Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality Industry Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has progressively become known as a germane issue in the corporate world for the past decade. Making the world a better place, socially and environmentally, is a global accepted phenomenon. According to Porter Kramer, 2006, â€Å"corporate social responsibility has emerged as an inescapable priority for business leadersRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility779 Words   |  4 PagesPolytechnic University of the Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila College of Business Submitted by: Ramizares, Riza Marie M. BSBA HRDM 4-6N Submitted to: Professor Celso D. Torreon Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility * Organizational Culture is the behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Culture includes the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Definition1011 Words   |  5 PagesThis research study is about what the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is, how people define and how I understand this term? According to my research and observations, CSR does not have only one and constant definition. I have read a lot of definitions of CSR and in fact, they are similar but not the same. Briefly, definition and understanding of CSR depends on person to person. Thus, I am going to talk about definitions of the CSR and I will define my own perspective about the CSR. Read MoreSocial, Cultural and Environmental Responsibility of Corporate Business Leaders1482 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Corporate social responsibility is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the company s actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholdersRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : Corporate Social Responsibility809 Words   |  4 PagesAirlines In today’s competitive market, consumers look to companies that not only provide outstanding service and goods, but also, a business that recognizes taking care of its employees, stockholders, consumers and the community as a priority. One company that is consistently recognized for their corporate social responsibility initiatives is Southwest Airlines. Southwest is a successful organization that perfectly blends operational focus with social obligations which translates into increased revenueRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr923 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is part of the reality of doing business. CSR is also known as corporate science, corporate citizenship or responsible business. CSR is important for both business as well as society. CSR is all about how a company is able to show and manage its positive impact on the society. CSR is able to earn its own name in the world of business. The importance and significance of Corporate Social Responsibility is increasing The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The... Introduction Corporate social responsibility is not a new concept; it has evolved significantly, and presently it contains a number of terminologies, theories, and approaches. Nevertheless, one of the main issues that arise in this concept if the theories mix approaches, which use words that have different meaning and motives (Adolphson, 2004). This paper will thereby discuss and present theories of Corporate Social Responsibility in the context of ethical or normative and instrumental motivation. The paper will discuss CRS in both perspectives, which are ethical or normative perspective that mainly focuses in developing a better society, while instrumental perspective mainly centers its ideas on achieving economic objectives by creating social activities. From a normative perspective, the theory argues that the relationship that exists between the society and businesses is essential to ethical values. Therefore, from this point of view, businesses should accept Corporate Social Responsibility as an ethical obligation more than they should any other consideration. On the other hand, in instrumental perspective, Corporate Social Responsibility is a platform for the business to make profit, therefore, only the economic aspect of the interaction in this case is measured between the society and the business (Donaldson, Preston, 1995). Primarily, the paper will base its argument on whether it is wrong for businesses to undertake Corporate Social Responsibility activities forShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede Essay2236 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship between attitudes to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and Hofstede Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of business activity. The authors found the limitation of the current studies which only analyzed the CSR within one country or within one cultural group, so that they attempted to do some research on this field by considering the issues in more than one country. Then, the volume of CSR was categorized into four distinct models: the instrumental and private wealth creating modelsRead MoreCsr Theories13535 Words   |  55 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory Elisabet Garriga, `  ´ Domenec Mele ABSTRACT. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ï ¬ eld presents not only a landscape of theories but also a proliferation of approaches, which are controversial, complex and unclear. This article tries to clarify the situation, ‘‘mapping the territory’’ by classifying the main CSR theories and related approaches in four groups: (1) instrumental theories, in which the corporation is seen as onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: Historical Perspective, Implications, Role, and Prospects and Governance in Bangladesh3395 Words   |  14 Pagesgoverning the passing of benefits and burdens of freehold covenants should be enunciated. Explain and illustrate. 1 .Introduction: The first question that needs to be answered is ‘what do we mean by corporate social responsibility or CSR?’ Corporate social responsibility can be defined as â€Å"the behavior that society commonly expects of businesses in matters of public concern.†[1] . 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Mohr-Corrigan, For The Paper Store -  © October 1999 VISIT www.paperwriters.com/aftersale.htm -- for more information on using this paper properly! Because society is fundamentally based upon performance and profit, it is not unusual to find that it is necessary to impart a sense of corporate social responsibility with regard to contemporary commerce. The ethical approaches of purpose , principle and consequence are integral components of business social performance;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay3287 Words   |  14 Pagesthat people have become more conscious of the ethical and social responsibilities of business over recent decades, suggesting that the modern businesspeople should not only consider about profitability but also extent to what they can contribute to the whole society. A quote by Anita Roddick generally demonstrates the spirit of being ethically and socially responsible: â€Å"The business of business should not be about money. It should be about responsibility. It should be about public good, not privateRead MoreAnglogold Ashanti: Analysis of Csr Strategy6695 Words   |  27 PagesAngloGold Ashanti An Analysis of CSR Strategy Performance Essay 1 By: S. BLIDI ELLIOTT Index No.: EMBA 10110042 Course: Ethics, Social Responsibility and Governance Course No.: EMBA 663 Lecturer: Dr. Judy N. Muthuri Date: September 28, 2012 Word Count: 5,709 This essay is the first of a two-part series critically examining the corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy and performance of AngloGold Ashanti (AGA). This first essay analyses the company’s CSR strategy and activities against

Fundamentals of Descriptive Statistics System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Descriptive Statistics System. Answer: Introduction The management practices executed for transferring the final goods and services from the concept to the end customer is the process of marketing. In simple terms the process of marketing involves researching, promoting, selling and distribution of the products and services. In general terms marketing have been considered as the activities or the business practices executed by a business corporation for making the products presentable in-front of the end customers (Ahmed, Vu, Muttaqi Agalgaonkar, 2018). Marketing is a wide concept and comprises of various approaches and strategies that are required to be implemented by the enterprise for successful delivery of products to the consumers. There are four major components of this concept and that are the product, price, place, and promotion and if used in a combined manner can be termed as the marketing mix strategy. The below-presented report has been summarized on the marketing activities conducted by Qantas Airlines. Qantas Airways is a multinational airline and stands at a third number in the world's oldest airlines. It is capturing a huge market by its ultimate services which are for a long time. Being the largest airlines with maximum numbers of fleets it operates from Australia, Sydney by its classified headquarters (Abam, 2018). The company is very well performing in terms of operations with services of international flights to its customers. Qantas airways cover largest destinations around the world when it comes to serving the people. It has the maximum number of destinations where to the people can travel through it. Hence, in airlines business, it is very much certain and obvious to have operations which are international as there is a lot of money in such kind of operations. the airways are covering a huge share of the market even after having huge competition present in its industry just because of its non-copied services which are rare and very much diversified. Although a section of the market is being covered by the company eventually it can grow and develop in new markets where it is not present so as to increase its market share. It is important for a business to increase its share so that there are sustainability and growth which keeps on rising in business. Further, the target market of the company must be new destinations as well as it should work upon revamping and developing the already existing points and hubs for its passengers (Ahmed, Vu, Muttaqi Agalgaonkar, 2018). The food and beverages of the airlines must be enriched which is the major concern of customers nowadays. In order to improve the sales, company can get associated with various web portals which are really popular in terms of booking while it is launching in new as well as this could be implemented in the existing market as well. Renewal of all the retail centers with a proper design of their ambiance and up to date refurbishment. It owns 20%share of the industry which can be increased. It is preferably working on its old customers which are already associated with it by providing them valuable services so that they remain connected with the business for a long period of time. The company is yielding profits and also concentrating on its long-term legacy which is the quality of services it provides to its customers (Anderson, 2014). Hospitality industry works upon the way it treats people so Qantas can improvise this by regularly training its employees on various sections which are coming up in this changing environment. Through this, the existing and the new customers will be retained for a long term because "The spirit of Australia" has to be taken on another level around the world (Qantas 2018). Qantas was previously working in the places so as to develop a channel for its deliverables. Now that it has positioned itself around the world covering most of the destinations with its headquarters in Sydney, Australia it is aiming to rebuild and launch the airline by reconstructing its strategy and aim of the business. It was previously more positioned and focused on spreading the business. But as for now, it is launching its new segment as "you are the reason that we fly" to dedicate its services to the customers who are continuously supporting it from a long period of time. This is a way of positioning the brand simultaneously coping u with the need for the scenario. A brand always has to make changes in the strategies sometimes in the way it works (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker Brennan, 2015). So, by adopting such changes Qantas is regenerating its section of business it is doing. The level of services and quality it provides is unforgettable and non-beatable by any other airlines . But the presence of rivalries with more new ideas is also obvious which cannot be ignored. There are demands of people and they vary from segments to segments. In order to position a product under such circumstances, it is very significant to choose appropriate positioning strategy for the business. Hence, Qantas has chosen a very appropriate strategy to do so it has divided its services into two sections that are Qantas and Jetstar. To target each segment successfully in terms of their needs and wants as everyone may vary. In order to position itself at varying market, it has provided flexible flight bookings by taking care of the needs that customers have so that they feel very much free while choosing Qantas (Qantas 2018). The customers are provided with facilities to reschedule their flights if they want to which is a strategy of Qantas to position itself in the market where there are no such facilities. Further, the company has tied up with various portals to sell its tickets which are also a way to position its products (Baines, Fill, Rosengren Antonetti, 2017). Positioning relates to launching the product in the market by various strategies so that it is accepted by the customers in the targeted market. Qantas has already been working on it by various means and channels. Further, it can adopt strategies which are very much suitable for the market. It can reconstruct its strategy according to needs of the new market in which it is trying to do business. Although, it has already been working upon attracting most of the customers by flexible and relying services which can further be developed through tie-ups, personal selling, advertisement etc. (Baker Saren, 2016). This will help in safely launching the product which can be placed in the niche market. Needs and demand also the preferences of the customers play an important role in the hospitality industry. So, according to this, a company has to make its strategy so as to make the customers attracted towards its product. With associate degree increasing aggressiveness within the airline business Qantas pays huge priority to product designing. A product is crafted to draw in new customers and stick to these. Gain is controlled at an awfully high priority (Beer et al., 2016). The product of Qantas embodies either traveler motion lodgings in their flights or carriage containers. Basically, The business organization is offering premium motion arrangements. A blowout of soaring preparations is obtainable by Qantas. Top quality, global business category, global economy, exceptional economy (Bishop Plumb, 2016). The business entity also offers variety of sitting categories and arrangements, in-flight administrations, meals, and other basic amenities are provided in every category. Moreover, domestic flights also have different categories in terms of different aspects such as business and economy classes, with separate in-flight traveler entertainment administrations. Whereas, Jet-star is another brand that offers low price flying services. The business organization continually attempts to enhance its product with higher services. Flight data is accessible through internet and online means or received from the corporate via messaging services. The corporate tries to feature up subtle and a lot of advanced aircraft to fly periodically. In-flight amusement has been given a lift with a lot of investments in them. The business entity also offers the best services in terms of the best connecting flights and other services all over the globe (Brand Rolland, 2018). It conducts one in all the foremost standard frequent flyer programs within the world One in all the uppermost business complete names, used for attracting several passengers. The corporate history, brand, and locution distinguish it from its business rivals. Higher flight, safer containers, one in all the fastest routes through the globe area unit offered. Price Qantas majorly uses 'cost and margin' technique of product evaluation. Markets with additional demands prompt higher evaluation for Qantas. Competitive evaluation strategies also are uses (Davis, 2017) Penetrative evaluation is employed for its low price airlines Honest refunding provides client flexibility Qantas provides worth discounts while not depicting them as discounts. This can be to keep up the client worth perception. Qantas do provide the low evaluation at new destinations Frequent flyer programs offer fantastic client edges. Advertisement - TV, radio, net advertising, billboards, brochures, magazines etc. are used for the needs of stigmatization and merchandise promotion (Edwards Wilson, 2017). Marketing is employed to send across messages. Messages are custom-built as per every client, to hit them at a private level. This strategy has to this point been terribly productive. Its been much more effective than victimization mass media to send across mass communication messages. Classified ads are used throughout low seasons Direct mercantilism is employed for company customers (Frumkin, 2015) Social networking, blogs, email promoting are won't meet up with to customers Personal relationship practices, sponsoring sports and other various events; amusement connected programs, involvement and support of assorted charitable programs etc. Place Qantas airlines is directly selling the tickets from the ticketing counters and thus direct sales is conducted Qantas' own shops are utilized for price ticket sales Mobile phones will be wont to purchase tickets (Grant, 2016) Travel agents (intermediaries) are used. Levels of product for Qantas This is the essential product and also the focus is on the aim that the merchandise is meant. For instance, a heated coat can defend you from the cold and also the rain. A lot of necessary edges the merchandise provides, the lot of those customers would like the merchandise. A key part is that the individuality of the core product (Haight, 2017). This may profit the merchandise positioning at intervals a market and result from the potential competition. Qantas' core product is the transportation of the passengers. The improvement within the individuality is needed to be mended. This represents all the attributes of the merchandise (Haque Anastase, 2017). For a heated coat, this is often concerning work, material, rain repellent ability, high-quality fasteners, etc. But for Qantas, their generic product is going to be the comfort of the passengers whereas on all the days of the years the physical comfort or mental comfort a journey would possibly offer can be. This is concerning all the aspects of the buyer that he or she expects after they purchase a product. That coat ought to be very heat and defend from the weather and also the wind and can be snug once riding a bicycle (Haselip Rivoal, 2018). An airline should recognize these expectations of the client with dynamic time as customers change their demands per their market. The increased product refers to any extra factors that set the merchandise aside from that of the competition. And this notably involves complete identity and image (Holcomb, 2016). Is that heat coat stylish, its color fashionable and created by a widely known fashion label? However additional factors like service, pledge and smart worth of cash play a serious role during this. The goal is to deliver one thing that's on the far side associate expected product. It's the interpretation of the need that's regenerate into reality. The client won't say no for comfort and luxury, provided on the airline. Complimentary services to the good client service to back up. This is regarding augmentations and transformations that the merchandise might bear within the future (Kleinaltenkamp, Plinke, Wilkinson Geiger, 2015). For instance, a heated coat that's made from a cloth that's as skinny as paper and thus light-weight as a feather that permits rain to mechanically give. The longer term is here, airlines for the approaching times. Medical care of boarding passes. The digital shot reduces lost baggage problems and faulty routing. Several alternative contemporary concepts area unit coming back, together with programmable bags with integral identification. Experimental mobile applications enable passengers to stay on a virtual eye on their belongings throughout the complete trip (Kotler, 2015). In the future, it's going to even be doable to order your luggage delivered at a selected time to a selected destination address. Tomorrow's travelers might don't have any got to keep their luggage forever in view. Pricing strategy for Qantas Techniques like Expected Marginal Seat Revenue (EMSR) explore the most effective ways that to optimize rates in real time, not solely on a given route, however taking under consideration revenue-creating opportunities across the total airline network (Plekhanov, 2018). That is why, for instance, flying from London to Dubai could have priced just about constant flying all thanks to the city, conjointly via Dubai (Qantas 2018). The airline could value more highly to keep seats on the London-Dubai route for high-value passengers that fly longer on onward journeys and can use valuation to demotivate those getting to fly shorter journeys. Three international trends are reforming travel, distribution trade mediums and threaten to deteriorate the organizations between airways and the travellers. There is a change in the business and marketing trends and in customers behavior on each of the aspects associated with retail and business, changing undercurrents among direct and indirect sales, and hence this is the reason in the hike in the use of digital mechanisms and technologies (Powell, 2016). This aspect of trend is concerned with the increasing utilization of online mediums for the operations and transactions such as searching and ticket booking, the employment of multiple devices, and therefore the growing quality of online media. Meanwhile, online travel agents, domestic travel agents, and travel management corporations supply opportunities and drawbacks for airlines. Airlines will have the benefit of this providing they undertake 3 major initiatives among a holistic strategy powered by technology. They need to rewo rk on their travel distribution model in each direct and indirect channels. They need to pursue nearer partnerships with channel, content, technology players. Finally, they must improve internal capabilities (operating model, processes, skills, and technology) to gain the opportunities of the new distribution trends so as to become focused on customers in the structure set up. Specifically, airlines have to be forced to adeptly manage digital innovation and use these technologies to enhance spaces of the business, important direct channel sales, marketing, cross-selling, and changing evaluation and inventory management. The overall idea and style of the airline prepare the base for its promotion. Selling and promotion can stress the distinctive attributes of the airline and therefore are the points that make it different. Sturdy publicity along with well-placed, well-designed, unique advertising appealing on to people that are the airline's customers can facilitate getting the word out. Special effort should be created to develop and operate an extremely practical, quick, rock-solid, and easy website for online information, reservations, and e-ticketing. Web selling, combined with typical non-Web selling, can steer individuals to the website. There are a lot of customers who use the website, the simpler and a lot of pleasant the expertise are for them, and therefore the lot of commercial and economical, and inevitable, are the method for the airline. Special attention is created at the start to achieve the trend-setters and market-leaders in our varied target markets, even going thus far on prepare personal conferences between airline executives and selling administrators and people opinion leaders, significantly either in Southeast Europe and Turkey or who deal or otherwise have an in-depth affiliation to the target region (Roberts 2012). Whereas generally, special promotional rates and therefore the like are restricted, the airline might think about starting with a special promotion merely to urge glorious and to "take off the ground" with planes that aren't largely empty, as is commonly the scenario with new airlines. Overall, the management and therefore the sales department can coordinate together and can use outside consultants as want be to assured of the foremost positive potential launch (Scott, 2015). The client administrations are about the general population (Plekhanov, 2018). The general population who work for the carrier, the CRM and the encounters the staff can be extemporized by a more point by point preparing program. The exchange procedure of the booking administration; better web composition and operational help for the aircraft are the principle procedures of the business association. The change the carrier office premises; vibe and simplicity of development of the overall population are the real segments that can be considered for the physical confirmation of the firm. Conclusion In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been inferred that marketing is the business approach that can be adopted by the business form making the products available to the customers as and when required by them. The above-presented report has been segmented mainly in two sections and the first one comprise of the marketing strategy adopted by Qantas Airlines and the second segment is about the marketing mix that has been implemented y the firm for marketing and promoting the products in the market. References Abam, E. N. (2018). Branding As a Means of Positioning Itself in the Marketplace A Case Study of the Catholic University Institute of Buea The Entrepreneurial University.Business, Management and Economics Research,4(1), 11-14. Ahmed, T., Vu, D. H., Muttaqi, K. M., Agalgaonkar, A. P. (2018). Load forecasting under changing climatic conditions for the city of Sydney, Australia. Energy, 142, 911-919. Anderson, V. (2014). Alternative Economic Indicators (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. Brennan, R., (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baines, P., Fill, C., Rosengren, S., Antonetti, P. (2017). Fundamentals of Marketing. Oxford University Press. Baker, M. J., Saren, M. (Eds.). (2016). Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Beer, A., Bentley, R., Baker, E., Mason, K., Mallett, S., Kavanagh, A., LaMontagne, T. (2016). Neoliberalism, economic restructuring and policy change: Precarious housing and precarious employment in Australia. Urban studies, 53(8), 1542-1558. Bishop, J., Plumb, M. (2016). Cyclical Labour Market Adjustment in Australia. RBA Bulletin, March, 11-20. Brand, D., Rolland, M. (2018). 13.1 Case StudyPartners for Possibility.Co-Production and Co-Creation: Engaging Citizens in Public Services. Davis, M. (2017). The fundamentals of branding. Bloomsbury Publishing. Edwards, A., Wilson, J. R. (2017). The Move Towards Virtual Working. InImplementing Virtual Teams(pp. 19-21). Routledge. Frumkin, N. (2015). Guide to economic indicators. Routledge. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Haight, S. (2017). Home economies: The T. Eaton Companys Thrift House, 19261950. InArchitectures of Display(pp. 65-80). Routledge. Haque, M. S., Anastase, S. (2017). Rethinking governance and democracy in developing countries: looking back, moving forward. InDemocratizing Public Governance in Developing Nations(pp. 17-26). Routledge. Haselip, J. A., Rivoal, M. (2018). Delivering market-based access to clean cooking fuel for displaced populations the Kigoma region, Tanzania: a business plan. Holcomb, Z. C. (2016). Fundamentals of descriptive statistics. Routledge. Kleinaltenkamp, M., Plinke, W., Wilkinson, I., Geiger, I. (2015). Fundamentals of Business-to-business Marketing. Springer. Kotler, P. (2015). Framework for marketing management. Pearson Education India. Peck, F. (2017). A fine taste for business.In Cumbria Magazine,2017(Sept), 17-17. Plekhanov, D. (2018). Book review: Unlikely Partners: Chinese Reformers, Western Economists, and the Making of Global China. Powell, B. (2016). A Brief Case for Open Borders in Australia. The impact of migration law and policy, 145. Qantas, (2018). About Qantas. Retrieved from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/about-qantas/global/en. Qantas, (2018). Flight sales, promotion and deals. Retrieved from https://www.qantas.com/us/en/promotions.html. Qantas, (2018). Our company. Retrieved from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/company/global/en. Roberts, N, (2012). Qantas marketing strategies. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/loqxvvszw95-/qantas-marketing-strategies/. Scott, D. M. (2015). The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons.

Accounting Theory and Current Issues †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Issues. Answer: Introduction This study deals with explaining the concept of accounting theory and current issues in present world scenario (Williams 2014). In this assignment, proper emphasis has been given to address the following issues and provide with justified reasoning to the reader. The current segment explains positive accounting theory and even highlighted the theory with reference. In the next segment, there is proper comparison and contrast made between the theories such as positive accounting theories and normative accounting theories. The next segment explains about the ways by which normative accounting theory contribute to the development of accounting profession. The present study properly explains the difference between both the theories of accounting and when it is applied and how it is applied by most of the business enterprise (Smith 2017). Positive accounting theory Positive accounting theory is one of the accounting theories that try to make good forecasting of real life or world events as well as interpret it into secretarial dealings at the same time (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Under Positive Accounting theory, business firms tend to maximize their prospects for survival in order to organize in an effective way. Positive accounting theory tries in explaining and predicting the real world events in the most appropriate way. The firm needs to select the accounting policies based on their knowledge. Positive accounting theory highlights that changing situations or circumstances need manager to remain flexible in selecting the accounting policies (Mora and Walker 2015). Positive accounting theory can be attained by altering the accounting policies, managing with the optional accruals, and time of adoption of any new accounting standards. Furthermore, Positive Accounting Theory can even be attained by changing the real variables such a s research development, repairs maintenance as well as advertising. Furthermore, PAT can be achieved by capitalizing operating expenses in the most appropriate way (Deegan 2016). Discuss with reference to a theory that is considered as a positive accounting theory In this question, it is needed to relate Positive accounting theory with system-based theories such as stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and institutional theory. Positive accounting theory is directly related to system-based theories and each of the theory is explained below with proper justification: Systems-oriented theories with Positive accounting theory Stakeholder theory- This theory does not stipulate about what facts need to be revealed other than indicating the fact about provision of facts that is useful for the sustained operations of the business unit. Managerial branch involves information relating to financial and social that is used for controlling over conflicting demands of different groups of stakeholders. Legitimacy Theory- This theory is based on social contract between the society as well as business enterprise as a whole. Business enterprise seeks to understand the fact about how the activities operate within the bounds as well as norms of society. Institutional theory- This theory must overlap with legitimacy theory as well as stakeholder theory. There are theories that explain about why specific accounting theories are made (Positive Accounting Theory, Stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory). In addition, it is how business enterprise forms exist (institutional theory). Furthermore, there are several theories that explain about particular regulation such as accounting regulations are developed. Accounting disclosures as well as specific organizational forms are seen as a way for managing relations with specific groups outside the organization or business enterprise. Comparing and contrasting positive accounting theory with normative accounting theory Positive Accounting Theory Normative Accounting Theory Examines real life occurrences as well as find ways to understand how actual business firm address the accounting treatment for those transactions (Mora and Walker 2015) Takes fundamental different approach In this theory, accounting policy makers plans for what need to be done based on the theoretical principle (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Looks at actual world transactions and events Examines further on how business firms are accounting for those events as well as highlight the economic consequences of those accounting decisions (Deegan 2014). The theory is then predicted on how business firms will account for transactions as well as events in the upcoming financial year (Mora and Walker 2015). More like a deductive process as compared to positive accounting theory. Starts with the theory as then deduced to specific policies (Deegan 2013). Positive accounting theory and its accounting practices are quite objective by nature as well as based on fact (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Descriptions are given for future enhancement for making different logical analysis and predictions of most suitable or acceptable accounting practices or standards used by different business enterprise or accounting firms. This accounting theory actually gives optional practices for both firms who decide whether to use this approach or not in their accounting operations. Normative accounting theory and its accounting practices are quite subjective by nature as well as explains about what the economic future will be for any company or investor (Mora and Walker 2015) Focus mainly on analyzing the statistics as well as data that are present after deriving at conclusions based on those figures (Crawford and Lepine 2013) This normative accounting practice is in the form of a value judgment that helps in introducing subjective morality into accounting (Bonin 2013). Predictable model where the validity of actions are kept independent of the acceptance of any of the goal structure. Justifying some accounting practices (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014) Need commitment to goals and it is the responsibility of the policy makers to undertake further judgment as a whole. Useful in determining the suitability of some of the accounting practices that follows or use normative theories in their business places (Mora and Walker 2015). For instance, If corporate growth allows any business enterprise for increasing shareholder dividends over past dividend payments, then positive accounting theory would conclude that corporate growth actually causes an increase in stockholder dividends. In addition, most of the bookkeeping as well as data collection take into consideration accounting related theory and this is positive economic theory (Mora and Walker 2015). For instance, If any business tends to increase dividend payment by using funds for improving corporate sustainability measures, then normative accounting statement would highlight the fact on how normative accounting deals with future events rather than previous data and this come under the domain of positive accounting practices (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Positive accounting theory can be best used for explaining past financial events and causes of business or any of the current financial standing of an individual (Bertomeu and Cheynel 2013). It further need to determine the reason behind why operating at a net loss of a business need positive accounting practices for comparing actual revenues with actual expenses for a given course of time period. Accounting practices used in this theory help in constructing documents like cash flow statements as well as balance sheets. Normative accounting theory can be best used for explaining the set future economic policy based on theory The mission statement of business enterprise or any of the marketing strategies are properly mentioned in the business plans and normative statements. In this normative statement, it properly reflect about how business ideals to be or accomplish to be in the upcoming financial year (Mora and Walker 2015). Working together Appropriate financial planning for any of the trade enterprise or individual need the use of both positive accounting theory and normative accounting practices. Based on large scale economy, it shows that financial policies make use of normative financial statements but these statements are based upon financial realities as found from the positive accounting practice. In addition, the factual-based practices of positive accounting help in providing basic for business enterprise for engaging in normative accounting and that gives more realistic view on how company operates and still earns profits in the upcoming financial years (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). In what ways normative accounting theory add to the growth of accounting profession? At the time of examining the theories of accounting, it is found out that these theories are developed long before and this underpins the conceptual framework for accounting. The normative theory contributes to the development of accounting profession. This theory was developed to focus on an estimation rather than just observation (Beattie 2014). The normative approach to the expansion of accounting theory actually explain the positivistic nature of normal accounting research where decisions are taken using the theory of accounting and the role of interpretive and serious research. There are various developmental approaches that prove to be beneficial to accounting and leads to a diversity of research approaches and it collectively bring improvements in the status of accounting research (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Therefore, the role of these development aims at fulfilling the needs as well as creating appropriate accounting policies as and when needed Beattie (2014) had brought accounting research for overcoming its normative framework for a technical regulation for developing research work as accounting profession. The authors were of the opinion that for a scientific approach, it is needed to study the accounting theories that emerges from a normative examination to an axis of technical research. The approaches had been designed as it claimed a perspective that further highlights as well as explain about accounting policies as it demolishes with previous theories. Based on the evolution of financial accounting, it is understood that normative theory speculates about the dimension selection in most of the cases (Ball 2013). Altogether, a new horizon was explained in scientific reorientation as well as the framework used for normative prepositions (Mora and Walker 2015). In addition, the scientific orientation explain clearly about methodological foundation for the accounting study and this is treated as values systems and further explain the relationship between the researcher and the subject as a whole. It is important to focus on the research study where the accounting practices explain about the accounting products development as it had emerged like an observed legalization procedure as it is hypothetical to supposed realities (Aryee et al. 2015). There are several strategies that main focus upon certain interest groups as well as engages in surveying their perceptions and attitudes on matters relating to disclosures. The strategy need to be determined to which specific items of significant information and facts are disclosed especially in the corporate annual reports by using normative index of disclosure based on assessment (Mora and Walker 2015). Normative models or goals advocates in policy discussion based on conviction and preferences rather than using inductive system of the existing system. In addition, it is noted that normative events theory had been used for increasing the forecasting accuracy of accounting reports and this was done by emphasizing on relevant attributes of events as it is crucial to the users. Normative theory had been used and attempts to prescribe what data need to be communicated as well as how it is presented in given form (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). It is important to understand the fact that government regulations relates to accounting and reporting where it act as a major force for creating of demand for several normative accounting theories that had been employed for employing public interest arguments. The theory further proposes to demonstrate findings from certain accounting procedures as it help in better decision-making process for several investors. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that both positive and normative accounting theory has its own advantages and limitations. The above analysis properly explains about positive accounting theory on how it helps in predicting the activities of what is happening in the world. This particular theory had been derived from the concept of inductive theory or method. The methods initially begin with given assumptions that describe the accounting practice in various business firms. On the other hand, normative theory fails to predict about the practices that are acceptable in any form. This theory explains about the practice or standards that are readily acceptable. The theory had been derived from deductive method or approach that does not consider other practices that is all about coming up with new practices or ideas at the same time. References Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F.O., Mondejar, R. and Chu, C.W., 2015. Accounting for the influence of overall justice on job performance: Integrating self?determination and social exchange theories.Journal of Management Studies,52(2), pp.231-252. Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.847-853. Beattie, V., 2014. Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.The British Accounting Review,46(2), pp.111-134. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bertomeu, J. and Cheynel, E., 2013. Toward a positive theory of disclosure regulation: In search of institutional foundations.The Accounting Review,88(3), pp.789-824 Bonin, H., 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2014. An overview of legitimacy theory as applied within the social and environmental accounting literature.Sustainability accounting and accountability, pp.248-272. Deegan, C., 2016.Financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Fernando, S. and Lawrence, S., 2014. A theoretical framework for CSR practices: integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory.Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research,10(1), pp.149-178. Lapinski, M.K., Anderson, J., Shugart, A. and Todd, E., 2014. Social influence in child care centers: A test of the theory of normative social behavior.Health communication,29(3), pp.219-232. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.557-605 Mora, A. and Walker, M., 2015. The implications of research on accounting conservatism for accounting standard setting.Accounting and Business Research,45(5), pp.620-650. Smith, M., 2017.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Williams, P.F., 2014. The myth of rigorous accounting research.Accounting Horizons,28(4), pp.869-887.

6 Root Steps to Easily Craft a Comparison and Contrast Essay

We often draw an analogy of different subjects in our lives but very rarely do it in a written form. One might say, the university and college are the only places where you share such opinion on the paper. The compare and contrast essay is the common kind of academic assignments with its unique peculiarities. Even if you are great with the spot comparisons, learn more about essays structure and requirements before set to writing. What is Comparison and Contrast Essay? Comparison and contrast essay may be an independent task or just a part of more large paper. For example, thesis often includes many paragraphs with such elements. An appropriate definition of this kind of paper: It is the essay in which the student reveals the similarities and differences between two or more things and reinforces his or her findings by arguments. Professors frequently ask students to compare both abstract notions (such theories, methods or historical periods) and specific things (book characters, personalities, countries, etc.). There are few guidelines to follow during crafting this type of articles. 1. Develop an Argument for the Paper Before you start a writing process, you brainstorm your topic and find some outstanding characteristics of two objects. Those things have to be contrasting enough to be compared. The title of your future essay may sound like Apple vs. Microsoft or Differences and similarities in ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian myth. You should explain why it is interesting to reflect on these particular objects and pick strong arguments. In the essay, you may prove why Apple, in your opinion, is better than Microsoft. Or, tell how the contrasts of various ancient myths determined the future of each civilization. In practice, do not forget to write down the features you found meaningful on the paper. Every thought can be important, so note everything that comes to mind and move on to the next step. 2. Create the Compare and Contrast Essay Structure The standard template for all essays is a basic scheme Introduction Main Body Conclusion. In the introduction, you form a thesis of your essay and present the subject of a further discussion to your audience. This part must be compelling enough to motivate people to read the main body. Therefore, you need to create a hook at the beginning of your article. This can be: interesting fact, personal experience, joke or anecdote, provoking question, bold claim. Even though the main body usually consists of 3 paragraphs, in some cases you may write more. Here you provide the arguments chosen before and complete a bulk of comparing job. At the end of the research, you conclude all the arguments and repeat your thesis. One paragraph is enough for this part, it shouldnt be voluminous. 3. Consider the Essentials of Compare and Contrast Essay Format Whereas it is everything clear about introduction and conclusion, the main body in those papers may be organized using three methods: âÅ"  Topic by topic You start with describing one object and allocate its distinguishing points in the beginning. After that, you turn to the second thing and write down everything you know about it in the last paragraphs. This layout is considered to be smooth and understandable. However, it looks more like a list of points than the comparison. It is the most noticeable shortcoming of this setup. âÅ"  Point by point The main purpose of this method is an evaluation criterion. For instance, you can assess Microsoft and Apple by innovations, cost of their software or the popularity of key products. Dwelling upon each point, you are gradually revealing the features of both objects at the same time. âÅ"  Common and different separately Here you organize your essay in the format start with the comparison, end with contrast. The order may be reversed if you want to emphasize the common features instead of differences. 4. Outline the Paper Outlining is 50% of success. If a student does not find it important and disregards this process, he or she spends much more time on writing. Once you create the outline, the paper will compose itself alone. There are various useful techniques family tree, rough draft, schemes, and tables. Outlines mean planning the structure, sketching the approximate variant of essay and organizing of main points in a particular order the actions which make writing more simple. 5. Verify the Essay using Samples If you are not sure whether your essay complies with general requirements, check the examples on the web or ask your professor to provide you with them. It also depends on the university: rules for articles may vary in each. Seek for a sample on the reputable website you can trust. A ready essay is also a great option which will explain to you how to write a good paper on practice. 6. Use Graphical Elements The information is being better absorbed in visual form. Dilute the text with images, graphics, tables, diagrams and other elements. However, it is possible only if you type the assignment on your PC. On the lesson you should present the information in an interesting way without any pictures, so structure, hooks, and indisputable points are your best friends. Picture source Bonus Tips: How to Write Comparison and Contrast Essay Quickly Dont skip planning. Allocate at least 10 minutes on it. Use brainstorming techniques to come up with decent ideas faster. Always outline. Write the main body first. Students often stumble upon the introduction and dont know how to start. To avoid such a delay develop the arguments before first and the last parts of the paper. Give the result to your friend for revision. He or she will assess your essay with a fresh pair of eyes and find the mistakes quicker than you. If you cant cope with your assignment urgently or dont have much time on it, ask for assistance in a writing service. Experienced authors will provide you with a sample paper on your topic and may write assignments for you.

Top Tips for Acing a Teacher Interview

Top Tips for Acing a Teacher Interview Youve put in the time and have done the work, now you are rewarded with your first teacher interview. In order to make it a successful one, you will need to prepare for it. Heres how to ace your interview, including tips on researching the school district, perfecting your portfolio, answering questions, and interview attire. Researching the School District As soon as you land an interview, your first step should be to research the school district. Go to the district website and gather all of the information that you can. You will need to be prepared if the employer asks you, What do you think of our building-based intervention teams? or What can you tell me about our Dignity of Students Act (DASA)? Each school district has specific programs that they implement in their schools, and its your job to be prepared and learn all about them. If at some point in the interview the prospective employer asks you if you have any questions, this would be a great time to ask a question regarding the districts specific programs (not to mention it will help you make a great impression). Perfecting Your Portfolio Your teaching portfolio is the best tangible evidence of your accomplishments and showcases all of your skills and experience. Every teacher is required to create a portfolio during their college courses. The reason for this is to provide prospective employers with a hands-on collection of your best examples of work. This is a way to introduce yourself beyond a resume, and showcase what youve learned throughout your education and career. For the best way to utilize your portfolio during an interview, use the following tips. How to Best Utilize Your Portfolio in an Interview Familiarize yourself with it. Get to know your portfolio like the back of your hand. If the interviewer asks you a question, you want to be able to turn to a page quickly in order to give them the best tangible evidence for your answer.Dont Overuse it. Use your portfolio sparingly. If the interviewer asks you a question, and you think it will complement your answer, then use it. Try not to pull it out for every question you get asked.Leave it out. Once you use your portfolio and take out artifacts, leave them out. It will be very distracting if you start rummaging through the papers. For additional tips on using your portfolio and to learn about the must-have items to include, read Perfecting Your Portfolio. Interview Questions Answers The main portion of your interview will be answering specific questions about yourself and teaching. Every interviewer is different, and you will never know the exact questions they will be asking you. But, you can prepare by familiarizing yourself with the most commonly asked questions, and practicing how you will respond to them. Example Question About Yourself Question: What is your greatest weakness? (Your best option to answer this question is to turn your weakness into a strength.) Answer: My biggest weakness is that I am detailed orientated. I tend to over plan and get things done ahead of time. Example Question About Teaching Question: What is your teaching philosophy? (Your teaching philosophy is your reflection of your classroom experience, your teaching style, your beliefs about learning.) Answer: My teaching philosophy is every child should have the right to learn and get a quality education. Every child that enters my classroom should feel safe and comfortable. It would be a nurturing and enriching environment. I believe that a teacher should be aware of their students emotional, social, psychological and physical development as well as their cognitive growth. A teacher should view parents and the community as partners in the educational progress. Individualized instruction is an integral strategy to aid children with different preferences. In order to meet all students needs, I will incorporate a variety of approaches, such as the multiple intelligence theory and the use of cooperative learning strategies. I will provide an environment where students will use self-discovery and a hands-on approach to learning. Interview Attire How you dress for an interview is just as important as your credentials, and the answers you give to the questions they ask you. The first impression a potential employer gets of you is an extremely important one. According to the Transportation of Logistics Society, 55 percent of another persons perception of you is based on how you look. Dress for success should be your motto when youre thinking about what you should wear to an interview. Although teachers tend to dress a bit more casually lately, it is essential that you showcase your best look for an interview. Womens Interview Attire Solid color pant or skirt suitProfessional hairManicured nailsConservative shoesSparse makeup Mens Interview Attire Solid color pantsuitConservative tiePlain color dress shirtProfessional shoesProfessional hairstyle

Tax Accounting Article Research and Synopsis Writing Essay

Tax Accounting Article Research and Synopsis Writing - Essay Example The authors are concerned with the tendency to pay extremely low salaries to shareholder-employees. The IRS sternly educated S corporations on the proper levels of compensation, and the distinguished tax law as applied to S corporations vs. partnerships. The courts tended to rule in favor of raising shareholder-employee wages. When S corporations are found guilty of shirking salary payments, the IRS may subsequently collect recovered FICA and FUTA taxes, interest, failure to file penalties, late deposit penalties, and negligence penalties for failing to try hard enough to adhere to the Tax Code. The point of contention in these cases hinges upon how the term 'wages' is defined. Taxpayers have give themselves too much latitude in this area. When discussing these cases, the courts felt a duty to examine their financial "substancerather than their legal form." Fellows and Jewell emphasized that deviations from equitable salary payments to S corporation shareholder-employees will no longer be tolerated. Although the Revenue Reconciliation Act provided an amended approach to tax calculation, Cash and Dickens point out that its repercussions are not all favorable to corporations. This tax amendment required that beginning in 1990, the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) would be figured from adjusted current earnings, rather than regular taxable income. Further, taxpayers must figure Adjusted Current Earnings (ACE) each year as a prerequisite to applying the AMT. Deductions to Adjusted Current Earnings that decrease profits and earnings, such as federal taxes and dividends, are disallowed because they are not subtracted when AMTI is calculated. An alternative minimum tax depreciation calculation depends on several factors, such as when a particular item was first used. Two methods used are the 150% declining balance technique and the double declining technique. Cash and Dickens emphasize that depreciation is the most important "special rule" in figuring Adjusted Current Earnings. The Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) is used for all three of "regular tax purposes," Adjusted Current Earnings and Alternative minimum Tax. Choosing the Alternative Depreciation System can be a boon to corporations who are required to pay the Alternative Minimum Tax every year. ADS is also helpful to those companies who do not possess the time or money to make complex alternate calculations. Deferring taxes and accelerating deductions are both desirable privileges for corporate taxpayers, for obvious reasons. It seems counterintuitive, but the authors suggest reversing these behaviors. Income should be declared in years qualifying for a 20% tax rate, and deductions put off until the corporation reaches a 38% tax rate. On the whole,

Corporate finace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate finace - Essay Example Online Travel Portal Limited used to be the former name of Opodo Limited prior to July 2001. It is a subsidiary of Amadeus IT Holding, South Africa. However, it is based in London, UK and was incorporated in the year 2000. The Financial Times reported that Permira Advisers Ltd. and AXA Private Equity seem to join hands together for the purpose of buying Opodo Limited from Amadeus IT Holding SA at the cost of â‚ ¬500 million that is equal to USD 682.5 million. The prime objective of the planned buyout is to develop the best online booking services provider through merging the Opodo Limited with the eFreame and Go Voyages SA. Also, the American Carlyle Group has shown some intend to buy Opodo limited due to which the bids for Opodo exceeded â‚ ¬400 million since any bid would probably be challenged by Carlyle Group. Some sources reported that the Permira would bid through Vacaciones eDreams, S.L. where as the Axa would be bidding through Go Voyages SA. The process of this sale wi ll be handled by the JPMorgan Chase. Permira and Axa have been bidding against each other for the acquisition of medium sized European web based travel agencies prior to joining together so as to acquire Opodo Limited. In the last year, Permira defeated Axa so as to acquire eDreams-Spanish online agency where as the Axa won against Permira for the acquisition of Go Voyages. After which they together planned to develop a giant European agency through merging the Opodo Limited, after its acquisition if their bid for it is successful, with the previously acquired eDreams and Go Voyages. At present, the Amadeus IT Holding owns the Opodo Limited and this business venture involves only 4 % of their entire business turnover. Financial Performance Indicators Financial performance indicators for the three companies are provided below. Chart 1: Annual Sales Permira Advisers Ltd for the Last 5 Years in Million USD. The chart 1 given above provides interesting information about the annual sales of the Permira Advisers Ltd that enables us to apprehend the performance of the company before the acquisition of OPODO Limited. Chart 2: Annual Sales AXA Private Equity for the Last 5 Years in Million USD. The chart 2 given above provides interesting information about the annual sales of the AXA Private Equity that enables us to apprehend the performance of the company before the acquisition of OPODO Limited. Chart 3: Annual Sales OPODO Limited for the Last 5 Years in Million USD. The chart provides interesting information about the annual sales of the OPODO Limited that enables us to apprehend the performance of the company before its acquisition. Due to the above performance of Opodo, other companies are interested towards its acquisition. Why Are Mergers & Acquisitions Interesting? The most important factor for the mergers and acquisitions is the existence of "synergies" that enables the two companies to operate more efficiently together in comparison to be working individually . Nevertheless in some cases, organization may obtain tax benefits from a merger or acquisition. 'Horizontal' mergers that take place between companies functioning in the same industry at the same production level may also be instigated through the wish for greater market power, as in the current case of OPODO acquisition by the Permira and AXA (being merged together). Also,

We Are All Madoffs, We Are All Human Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

We Are All Madoffs, We Are All Human - Essay Example The crucial argument against the article written by professor Barash, entitled â€Å"We are all Madoffs†, is that it puts greater importance on the environment as the end, whereas true economists place human life as the end to all his endeavors. There is a critical error in the assumption of the writer that we are all Madoffs simply because of â€Å"modern civilization’s exploitation of the natural environment† (Barash): The difference lies in the fact that Madoff has been exploiting other men for his own benefit. By the very mode of operation of Ponzi schemes, Madoff has no responsibility for the people under him including if they fail in their investments in the company. He also cannot be held accountable by the government because the extent of his operations depends on people getting more people, nor is he taxed for all his earnings. We, as an economic force, utilize, and perhaps to some extent, exploit the environment and its resources. Madoff, on the other h and, exploited people for his own profit and he has completely ignored the dignity of human life. The use of resources as means to an end is justifiable because resources are there precisely to improve human conditions. Madoff and his Ponzi scheme used people as means to his own end, to improve his own condition. According to Adam Smith, we as individuals are â€Å"led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of (our) intention† (Barash). That end is the improvement of human life- and fulfilling this end makes us nothing like Madoff. This argument about â€Å"our fundamental relationship to the natural world† can swing both ways, just as the argument of population growth can have its advantages and disadvantages. One can view population growth in a purely detrimental outlook: more needs and wants to satisfy means more produce required means more carbon emissions and pollution.

Managing the individual performance within organisations

Managing the individual performance within organisations Managing individual performance in organisations has focused on estimating performance and distributing reward, with effective performance which is seen as a result of interaction between individual ability and motivation. By and large, it is recognised that planning and enabling performance have a critical effect on individual performance. Managers use several techniques to find out performance and effort of employees. Performance appraisal is process which is taken by managers to review performance and formalize it. Performance management has critical effect on individual performance and in this case also on company goals. In this part of assignment performance appraisal and performance related pay will be described in depth. Pay Strategy Provide market competitive compensation that incorporates both salary and non-salary benefits, such as healthcare, retirement, life insurance, disability insurance, annual and sick leave, and other optional benefits. To assist in the administration of compensation plans, most organizations utilize some type of formal pay structure.   A formal pay structure provides the framework and formal structure for assessing jobs and grouping similar jobs together.  Ã‚  Factors used in grouping jobs within a pay structure often include: Complexity Responsibility Level of Suspension Accountability Organisational impact Market Value The two most common forms of pay structures are Grades and Bands.  Ã‚  The distance between the minimum and maximum of a pay range is called the range spread.   Grades typically have very narrow range spreads, while  Bands have very broad range spreads.   This has led to the commonly used term of broadband to describe the range of pay rates within a structure using a band approach. (http://www.hr.vt.edu/compensation/HYPERLINK http://www.hr.vt.edu/compensation/compmgt/comp_philosophy/index.html compmgt/comp_philosophy/index.html) For those employees who were with Virginia Tech around 1999 2000, you may remember when the state switched from pay grades to pay bands.   Unlike the old pay grade system where an increase in responsibilities often meant a promotion to the next pay grade, pay bands represent a much broader range of different types of jobs and levels of responsibility.   As you can see in the illustration below, in a grade system Job A and Job B are in different pay grades.  Ã‚  However, in pay band system such as we currently have at Virginia Tech, Job  A and Job B are in the same pay band.   Please notice however that even though the pay band is the same, there is still a significant difference in the target salary level due to the differences in the level of responsibility and job content of the two jobs. ( http://www.hr.vt.edu/compensation/ compmgt/comp_philosophy/index.html) The key points here are: Its not necessary to be moved from one band to another in order to receive a significant salary increase and Just because two positions have different levels of responsibility/complexity/etc, does not necessarily mean that they should be different pay brands. Figure 2. Pay Structure Grades and Bands www.hr.vt.edu/compensation/compmgt/images/L_grades_bands_med.jpgimgrefurl Performance appraisal Robert Bacal, Performance Management A Briefcase Book, (1999, p.12) tells Performance appraisal is usually considered to be the process and time when manager and employee sit down to review the employees performance over the last year, or month, or even shorter time spans. Most of the time people think of it as a once a year event, which is a recipe for disaster. Traditionally performance appraisal systems have provided a formalised process to review employee performance. This normally requires the manager and employee to take part in a performance review meeting. Why Should You Appraise Performance According to Dessler and Walker (1999, p.452) there are several reasons to appraise performance. First, appraisals provide information upon which promotion and salary decisions can be made. Second, they provide an opportunity for you and your subordinate to review the subordinates work-related behaviour. This in turn lets both of you develop a plan for correcting any deficiencies the appraisal might unearth, and reinforce the things the subordinate does right. Finally, the appraisal should be central to your companys career plan because it provides a good opportunity to review employees` career plans in light of their exhibited strengths and weaknesses. Performance Appraisal System flow In performance appraisal meetings, several of methods are used to document, or record, or summarize performance discussions, rating scales, critical incident summaries, etc. All these methods are gathered and processed by similar system flow. P.A Handbook (1995, p.8) describes performance appraisal system flow: Planning Developing Employee Performance Appraisal Plans (EPAP) Elements Standards (Benchmark Performance Standards) Employee Participation Documenting Elements and Standards Monitoring Feedback during the Performance Year Progress Reviews Developing Employees Formal Development Informal Development Rating Eligibility Interim Appraisals Rating Critical Elements Rating of Record Discussion with Employee Reconsideration Process Action Based on Performance Rewarding Performance Links to Other Personnel Actions Dealing with Poor Performance Figure 1. The Performance Appraisal Cycle (John Shields, 2007, p: 23, Managing employee performance and reward) As seem above performance appraisals are essential for the effective management and evaluation of staff. Appraisals help develop individuals, improve organizational performance and feed into business planning. Performance appraisals also typically feed into organizational annual pay and grading reviews, which commonly also happen at the same time the business planning for the next trading year. Performance appraisals are also essential for career and succession planning, staff motivation, attitude and behavior development, communicating and aligning individual and organizational aims and encouraging positive relationships between management and staff. Goals of the Performance Appraisal System According to Beer, Russell and Ralph (1995, 23) the process of performance management is one of the most important leadership responsibilities. The performance appraisal system has three primary goals: Provide a helpful structure, open and honest communication between the employee and his/her supervisor Improve employee development through performance feedback and through the identification of future professional development activities Measure and document job performance as a basis for making promotion, compensation and other personnel management decisions Dessler (2006, p.336) Managing employee performance is an integral part of the work that all managers and rating officials perform throughout the year. It is as important as managing financial resources and program outcomes because employee performance has an extreme effect on both the financial and program components of any organization. Beer, Russell and Ralph (1994, p.24) the effectiveness of appraisal systems hinges on a range of different factors. Three most common reasons for failure of an appraisal system are: Unclear performance criteria Poor information sharing and connection with the boss Appraiser missing information on the managers real performance Other problems are a lack of ongoing performance feedback, a lack of focus on management development, the review process lacking structure, etc. According to Claydon and Beardwell (2007, p.511) The purpose of performance planning, review and appraisal need to be made clear if employees at all levels in the organization are to play an active part in the process. It is possible that some employees and line managers may meet performance appraisal schemes with distrust, suspicion and fear, but an integrated effective process can lead to increased organizational performance and employee motivation. It is important for employees to be genuinely involved in the design of an appraisal scheme, the evaluation of performance, and the objective-setting process. An appraisal scheme should be set up in an atmosphere of openness, with agreement between management, employees and employee representatives on the design of the scheme. Employees need to have a clear understanding of the purpose of the process. However applying performance appraisal its own is not really worthy. Other performance management systems and performance appraisal systems should put in practice as a whole. Robert Bacal , Performance Management A Briefcase Book,(1999, p. 34) Pay for Performance Coy (2009, p.S7) in challenging economies it is believed that keeping employees happy is essential for organizations performance. To do this, tying employees` pay to their performance is widely popular. Indeed, with the emphasis on competitiveness, productivity, and the trend for virtually all employers is to tie at least some portion of their employees` pay to employees` and companys performance. In most theoretical models of HRM, pay is essential on the regulation of the employment relationship. Academician, policy makers, and corporate leaders recognize the difficulty of appraising the use of reward systems as a key element in the pursuit of substantive HRM goals of obligation, flexibility and quality. Pay for performance is a tool which HR professionals can wield in an effort to retain their best. When it is carefully applied, pay for performance systems can systematically link with employee goal achievement, providing very specific incentives for employee behavior that are in line with broader organizational objectives.(Bratton and Gold, 2007, p:238) Figure 3. A Model of Reward Management (Bratton and Gold, 2001, p:246) Advantages of PFP It is not difficult to see why PFP has attracted the interest of managers, consultants and government ministers. Bratton and Gold (2007, p.455) describes its theoretical attractions are considerable and include the following reasons: Attracting good performance Hewlett-Packard (Case study 1) In the early 90s, Hewlett-Packard seemed a perfect setting for innovations in pay. A so-called built-to-last company, it was highly decentralized and enjoyed a sense of mutual trust, high commitment, and wide use of management by objectives. The workforce was salaried and the merit system was based on peer comparisons at the salaried level. There were no executive bonuses. Stock options were awarded as recognition. But there was also a lot of pressure in the company, said Beer. Managers of thirteen units took the initiative of appealing to headquarters to try something new to spur on their employees. According to Beer, managers in many companies look to pay-for-performance for good reasons. They expect that it will attract and motivate people. They expect performance standards will outweigh the costs of whatever incentives they put in place. They also want protection against business exigencies: should the market go south, they dont want to be permanent ly stuck with new costs. (Lagace, 2003) Increasing in quality individual performance McDonalds (Case study 2) Base pay, rewards pay, and rewards program follows as Pay For Performance its the best results and great opportunities pay. Employees base pay is the most portion of their compensation. McDonalds sustain the competitiveness of their base pay through an annual review from both external market data and internal peer data. Moreover, they have a broadbanding compensation system that allows for flexibility in term of pay, movement and growth. In addition, incentive pay provides to their employees with the opportunity to earn compensation when their performance meet and exceed goals. The long term of incentives are granted to eligible employees to both reward and retain key employees who have shown sustained performance and can impact long term value creation at McDonalds. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/13396918/Performance-Appraisal) Enhancing communication BMW (Case study 3) In 2001, the new bonus payment arrangement applied for production employees in the Germany and UK operations. The bonus system applied to all 36,000 production employees who operated with defined performance targets. On top of the basic salary a fixed 25% additional bonus was paid to all employees for meeting prearranged quotas. This quota involved producing a set number of units to the companys quality standards by a workforce of an agreed size. Employees in each group were consulted and invited to comment on whether the quotas that were realistic and achievable. In addition, employees could also earn extra pay through a personal supplement, that was payable if an individual contributed to the group results. Expectations and specific goals were discussed and agreed in talks between the employee and the supervisor. Thus, an individuals contribution to the group was discussed every year and this assessment determined the personal supplement received. (Boddy. 1998 P. 283) Improving motivation The Christmas bonus at Gourmet Foods (Case study 4) for many years that Gourmet Foods never have Christmas bonus when Andrew Straw appointed as a managing director, he decided to give  £70 extra for Christmas bonus to all 120 staffs. When they heard the news everyone is very excited and looking forward to it without knowing of the amount of the bonus. After they got the pay slips they very disappointed because they feel it is too small. When their managing director found out about this he wish he did not give it to them and turn it into new packaging equipment instead.  . (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, Page 218) Strengthening management control Entre Computer Services (Case study 5) Entre Computer Services founded by Ed Souders in 1980s. Souders is a former worker of IBM so he adopted many methods from it including appraisal, pay-for-performance, and sales incentives. Unfortunately, in the 1990s, his business was falling down and almost faced bankruptcy. He decided to make some changes. Using the Deming philosophy along with new strategies can improve sale performances and profits. He created trusting and working relationship. Encouraged more teamwork and less self driven so that his workers gain more passion and happiness toward their job. There are 4 main goals of this method: Ensure maximum productivity of the Support Team. Ensure the Personal Development of the Support Team. Ensure that Support Team members understand what their job responsibilities are. Ensure employees are as happy as they could possibly be while at work. (Mary Jenkins, 2002, p.176-178) Identifying developmental objects Strengthening the individual employment relationship at the expense of collective Gainsharing at Southern California Edison (SCE) (Case study 6) In 1994, electricity industry was removed from government control. That made the market more competitive. Therefore, SCE needed to change its compensation for competition. The change was the introduction of a Gainsharing arrangement. Employees were invited to sacrifice 5% of their basic salaries in return for up to 10% gainshare if the organization reaches profits targets. 100% of employees agreed to the plan. Most of them tried to create ideas to save money. For instance, employees agreed to wash their own overalls. The outcome was that the scheme generated an estimate $96 million and $40 million was paid out to employees. More important, the scheme played its part in getting employees focused on what was important in working cost-effectively and being involved in designing effective working methods. (Stredwick, 2005 P.355-356) Rewarding employees without needing to promote them. The Jennings Ford Accident Repair Centre (Case study 7) In the early 1890s Jennings main hobby was repairing and trading bicycles, moving into premises opposite the old Bridge Street showroom for sale of motorcars employing 6 people in 1911. The company, by meeting Ford Motor Companys exacting standards, was appointed an authorized dealer for Ford Motor Cars in 1917. The Jennings Ford Accident Repair Centre in Gateshead has received a reward from Ford Motor Company. Continuing to achieve and improve sales within the centre at the Eslington Park dealership has resulted in a reward for Jennings loyal and dedicated centre manger. The manager said They constantly strive to provide the best possible service to their customer and they are always looking at the ways how to future improve internal systems and procedures. (http://www.jennings-ford.co.uk/ ) Drawbacks of PFP Most of us are happy to see individuals rewarded for exceptional performance or effort and would like payment decisions to be based on such criteria. The problem arises when attempts are made to put the principles in practice. Wiscombe (2001) says that a system which is fair and objective in theory can easily fail to achieve when implemented. Arguing that PFP can have a role to play in organizations, but its positive effects are limited. Moreover, while not fundamentally flawed. PFP is difficult to implement effectively in practice. As a result, system fails as often as they succeed. The major reasons of failures are: Employees concentrate on their salary and bonuses instead of their jobs. Most of the staff is demotivated when they are told their ratings. Gallery Furniture Company (Case study 8) Jim Mclngvale, the owner-President of Gallery Furniture Company applied Dr. Demings advice to his business. In 1991, he took commissions, bonuses, and incentives of his sale persons but put it in to their salaries instead. These amazingly increase sales, profits and customer satisfactions; however, some sales people left the company because of disappointments but it still benefit the business in the long run. He also took the appraisal system off because he believes that his employees are not students. He treats his workers with respects and they do the same toward him.  (Mary Jenkins, 2002, p.170-171) People focus on their own objectives instead of cooperation with colleagues. Some managers change ratings for political reasons. When the results have an impact on pay levels, employees tend to downplay their weakness. As a result development needs are not discussed or addressed. Managers avoid demotivating their staff. As a result poor performers are reward as well as good performers. Homeserve Ltd: The new performance bonus (Case study 9) Jean Frear got a new job at Homeserve Ltd as the HR director. She tried to use new bonus payment method which she think it worked very well at her previous job, the Moddens Food. Normally, the engineers work on Mon to Fri and will get better overtime rate if they work on Sat and Sun. To make it more competitive, she cut the premium overtime rates for Sat and Sun also the evening delivery then based on working hours only. After one year of this experiment, she got the result. The number of the calls from customers is increase about missing parts of the hardware. Overall salary bill is higher than ever but the performance is going the opposite way. She found that the engineers tend to work only for their shifts and hardly willing substitute for the others on holidays or sick leave. (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, page 222-223) PFP systems tend to discourage creative thinking, challenging of established ways of doing things and questioning attitude among employees. Low income often leads managers to reduce ratings, creating a situation in which perfect employee performance is not rewarded. Pay strategy at Eastern Power plc (Case study 10) At Eastern Power plc, they use the Pay for Performance method to calculate employees salary. To make it convenient, it will be decided by senior managements. After 2 years, this method has been complained as an unfair system by most of the employees. According to the line managements, they reported that they had no idea how to improve their performance because the method is unclear. (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, Page 215) A general tendency is the increasing number of organizations where total compensation contains a part depending on performance. According to the consultation firm Hewitt Associates, 50% of the firms used pay-for-performance in 1990, and in 2000 already 80% (Wiscombe 2001). An analogous tendency is also witnessed in Estonia. According to the salary survey conducted by the consultation firm Fontes in 2005, compensation policies of 91% of the firms in the survey include some kind of pay-for-performance. Opinions about the effectiveness of pay-for-performance are different. The survey conducted by the Hewitt Associates in 2000 suggested that even these enterprises which have used the pay-for-performance system do not completely believe in its effectiveness: 21% of the firms said they do not believe its effect on improving work performance; 57% believed the effect was limited. A study conducted by the same firm in 1995 indicated that the pay-for-performance system had failed in 48% of the organizations (Wiscombe 2001, www.HYPERLINK http://www.workforce.com/archive/feature/23/06/78/index.phpworkHYPERLINK http://www.workforce.com/archive/feature/23/06/78/index.phpforce.com/archive/feature/23/06/78/index.php.) Results of other surveys confirm the success of using pay-for-performance. An analysis of pay-for-performance programmes conducted in the USA in the second half of 1990s suggests that performance improves in approximately two out of three programs (Heneman, Ledford, and Gresham 2000). There are various reasons for the contradictory opinions and results. One may be definitely different methods which are used, differences in business sector, lack of clarity of concepts used by researches. On the other hand, it can be assumed that application of pay-for-performance and its results can only be opposing because the creating, implementation of the respective system and assessment of the results must often link conflicting interests of different stakeholders. Other Case Studies Tele-working at the Mid Western Bank For The Mid Western Bank the Individual Performance is believed to be the best way to rate their staffs bonus payments. To make sure of this conclusion they set 4 aspects which are correctness, attendance levels, cooperation (which includes teamwork) and communication skills to confirm it. By making everyone concentrate on only their job, for the top performance employee can have 25 percents of their pay. Unfortunately, this result can be applied effectively with call centre staffs a competitive labour market. The other concern is that this method encourage employee to be more selfish and lost interest in helping the others and the absenteeism is also rising even though it will be effect the rating. (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, Page 234) Nucor Corporation, United States Nucor Corporation, the largest steel producer in the United States. The secret to success is to give huge bonuses of 100% or even 150% to 160%, thus, every employee can see how the incentive arrangement affects their wages each week. Even in the down times, the company doesnt lay people off. Such as, the plant shuts down its production lines for a day or two a week but salaried executives still work. About 80% of Nucors employees are on this production-incentive plan. Other employees also have performance-based compensation. When the whole organization is involved: To make it work, the most important thing is the involvement of the whole company, even if there is only a 1 percent profit, it should be divided among everyone, including the administration. Everyone is part of the team building. For instance, gives non-production employees other awards -from a free dinners for outstanding work to one share of stock for every year of employment. (www.findarticles.com) Health Net of California Health Net of California announced that was paying $18 million to 70 physician groups statewide in recognition of their efficiency and quality in 2004. Of the total, $5 million was tied for the Pay for Performance program, which rewards physician groups for providing high-quality clinical care and customer service. In addition, Health Net is working with through the Integrated Healthcare Association to make wider the potential of Pay for Performance quality measures and increase the proportion of compensation for physician groups that present a commitment to quality and efficiency. PFP bonuses were paid to Health Nets commercial physician groups. The other quality disbursements, which are paid to commercial and Medicare physician groups, include shared-risk funds, financial investments in technology and a generic drug incentive program. (www.findarticles.com) Abbey National Alan Eagles role as Assistant Manager of the Abbey National Community Partnership is to identify opportunities for staff who want to volunteer. He run a matched time scheme where staff can claim up to 35 hours of paid work time per year to match their own volunteering time commitment. Why would a banker necessarily want to be a treasurer in their spare time? Employee volunteers are like any other volunteers they need to feel that their contribution is worth it. To ensure this, organizations need to offer volunteer roles that are properly thought out. They believe that an employee who volunteers can specify personal objectives for community activities, as well as work related goals, in their annual appraisal. If they achieve those goals they are financially rewarded. (http://www.voluntarymatters3.org/motivation/case_studies/case_study3.html) The Royal Bank of Scotland In 1998, the company launched RBSelect that is a total reward benefits package giving employees. The package is divided into six groups: private health cover; insurance, including life assurances for spouses and partners; saving such as voluntary contribution to pension schemes; lifestyle features, which include the managers company car, childcare vouchers and retail voucher; basic salary; and holiday. Even the Christmas bonus can be traded in for a different benefit. Employees can change their benefits package once a year. The new total reward system has been positively received and is expected to have a positive impact on recruitment and retention. (Boddy, 1998 P.282-283) The National Security Personnel System Nearly all of the employees in the Defense Departments new personnel system were rewarded for their job performance in their first paychecks in 2009, with the average pay raise and bonus totaling 8.35%. 98% of the more than 170,000 employees rated under the National Security Personnel System received performance-based payout, meaning their supervisors graded their work as a 3 or better out of 5 possible points. The majority of those employees 55.4% earned a rating of 3, defining them as valued performers. Worker in the Washington area received the highest overall increase of the General Schedule employees, at 4.78%. General Schedule employees have earnings potential beyond their annual raise, while under NSPS, within-grade pay boosts, quality step increase and bonuses are factored into the overall performance-based pay increase. (http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0209/021809b1.htm) Lloyds TSB STAFF at Lloyds Banking Group is set to get about pounds 80min bonuses despite amulti-billion pound bailout from the taxpayer. The payments were apparently authorized by the Government as part of the deal for it to take a controlling interest of at least 65% in the firm. The figure is lower than the pounds 120m Lloyds bosses were thought to be seeking, but will still provoke controversy over rewards for failure. Newspaper reports suggested that some 4,000 junior staff will each get about pounds 1,000 this year, making up half the pay-out. Unions have argued that staff from the former Lloyds TSB deserve to receive bonuses, because their side of the business remained in profit while its merger partner HBOS lost billions of pounds. A spokesman for Prime Minister Gordon Brown said Lloyds had agreed that there would be no discretionary bonuses paid in 2009 except to the most junior staff, earning an average of pounds 20,000. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6784/is_2009_March_10/ai_n31418985/) General Motors-Powertrain Division In the mid 1980s, GMs sale was going down dramatically and looks to be continued for some times. On contrary, new Japanese company was booming. Behind their success GM found that they used Dr. W. Edwards Demings rules. After trying this method for one year GM Powertrains H.R. staffs agree that appraisal system has some flaws. (Mary Jenkins, 2002, p.148) Strategic approach to rewarding performance at Unilever At Unilever, to improve its employees performance and cut off unnecessary pay the manager created the model proved to be effective as global called Work Levels. With six levels of qualitatively different work in the company use to encourage people to work as a team instead of oneself. Predictably, many workers complained at the beginning but years after years it became clear that the method benefits both employees and the company. (Duncan Brown, Michael Armstrong, 1999, p.92-95) Conclusion The organizations having job evaluation in practice, are determined the causes of pay inequity through the carefully implementation of pay design that is based on base pay structure. A tentative effort to introduce this discrete and coherent function is required to carry out the comprehensive review. There must be a system of inequity recognition through the organization achieves its smart objectives and vital to prioritize the analysis which are very likely to enlighten on any potential inequities. It is a management tool that asserts the jobs of comparable value are treated and paid equally and emphasizes to estimate the size of inequity. Nevertheless, change in the pay system in any organization can be resistive. It can be suspected among the employee in term of pay changes, apparently. The purpose of pay system design should not be decrease or cut the employees pay rather than fixing the inequity within the organization and taking all the relative perspective into account before the implementation of the required method. To make it constructive, expert facilitation of job design team can be useful to ensure that safe and sound primary principles are going to be followed while the organization gets its cherished goals. In addition, where it eliminates many flaws in term of analysing the jobs worth but also effectively productive with the employers perspective. This method can be typically undertaken by the employers to prevent them from prejudice or discrimination and to establish a platform where everyone has got equal opportunity to build up their career. No doubt, it enhances and defines an appropriate and decisive track for any organization practicing this feasible method that can be comp