Nuclear Power Plants Sparking an American Debate for Decades

The need for electricity continues to grow each year worldwide. Americans have long sought out an environmentally friendly, safe way of fulfilling their needs for energy. Presently, as concerns for the environment continue to become more prominent in the U.S., the demand for cleaner energy producing practices also becomes more pronounced. One of the cleanest production methods in use today is nuclear power generation (Kidd). Nuclear power plants do not emit the harmful green house gases and other negative by-products associated with the more conventional systems fuelled by coal and natural gas. Nuclear power plants use nuclear reactions to drive their generators. The reactions produce extreme amounts of heat that must be managed. Most†¦show more content†¦The possibility of terrorist groups attacking and gaining access to nuclear facilities has been examined in much detail since September 11, 2001 (Chapin et al.). Opponents of nuclear power generation claim that it is far t oo easy for rebel forces to make dirty bombs out of nuclear waste. Dirty bombs could be made from spent fuel rods and could be devastating if detonated in an urban area; however, they are also harmful to their maker and easily detected (Chapin et al., Maiello). Large cities such as New York have also begun training first responders to detect and deal with dirty bombs (Maiello). Nuclear facilities and processes are also very secure. Studies have shown that the containment vessels used to transport spent fuel rods are very resilient. Field tests completed by the nuclear industry and its regulating bodies have shown that the vessels are susceptible to only the latest anti-tank artillery. They have also shown that even after the containers are breached the resulting risk was minimal (Chapin et al.). Security personnel are also very adept at thwarting sabotage. The U.S. government regulates all nuclear facilities and their security. Highly skilled individuals that specialize in infiltrat ion have been testing mock attacks on nuclear installations for years with limited success (Chapin et al.). S. Fred Singer, Chairman and President ofShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The...

Corporate social responsibility, often abbreviated as ‘CSR’ is an approach taken by corporate companies of different purposes of the welfare of their workers, customers and as well as paying attention to ecological maintainability and responsible advertising. The term ‘CSR’ started becoming popular since World War II and has been a subject of major debate over whether a firm should solely aim for making profits or also consider giving back to its society, therefore, corporate social responsibility should be voluntarily embraced rather than being enforced. This essay focuses on the positive and adverse effects of corporate social responsibility on the companies as well as its importance for the society. Corporate social responsibility has many positive influences as it promotes the organisation to act ethically which results in enhancement of relationship between customers, suppliers and workers. As they say, ‘Charity begins at home’, the first duty of the management is to ensure that all individuals associated with the company are satisfied and involved in advancements to differentiate the company from the competitors. Also corporates should practise ‘CSR’ in order to increase customer retention because it is strongly supported by the public and the company gets media exposure which gives a good reputation and benefits the company in the long run. According to Shrivastav(2014), ‘A 1997 studies by two Boston College management professors found that excellent employees,Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Company Performance And Profitability1949 Words   |  8 PagesThe aim of this paper is to highlight the impact that Corpora te Social Responsibility (CSR) has on company performance and profitability. It will also assess the role of CSR in business activities and in general the theoretical foundations as well as Corporate Citizenship. Furthermore this paper will assess the notion that implementing CSR activities positively affects the image of the organization and can thus boost consumers’ attention and commitment to the organization, which leads to better financialRead MoreThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Business1626 Words   |  7 Pages In contrast, this research shows that the impact of corporate social responsibility can extend beyond public relations and customer goodwill to influence the way consumers evaluate a company s products. 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While corporate responsibility is important, it is always viewed through the fiscal viability dimension of the maelstrom. The business case dominates the representation and operationalization of corporate responsibility. Due to the increased public sensitivity to corporate responsibility, the attitude has evolved from the unnecessary intrusionRead MoreCsr in the Hospitality Industry1293 Words   |  6 PagesStillwater September 29, 2009 Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality Industry Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has progressively become known as a germane issue in the corporate world for the past decade. Making the world a better place, socially and environmentally, is a global accepted phenomenon. According to Porter Kramer, 2006, â€Å"corporate social responsibility has emerged as an inescapable priority for business leadersRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility779 Words   |  4 PagesPolytechnic University of the Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila College of Business Submitted by: Ramizares, Riza Marie M. BSBA HRDM 4-6N Submitted to: Professor Celso D. Torreon Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility * Organizational Culture is the behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Culture includes the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Definition1011 Words   |  5 PagesThis research study is about what the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is, how people define and how I understand this term? According to my research and observations, CSR does not have only one and constant definition. I have read a lot of definitions of CSR and in fact, they are similar but not the same. Briefly, definition and understanding of CSR depends on person to person. Thus, I am going to talk about definitions of the CSR and I will define my own perspective about the CSR. Read MoreSocial, Cultural and Environmental Responsibility of Corporate Business Leaders1482 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Corporate social responsibility is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the company s actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholdersRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : Corporate Social Responsibility809 Words   |  4 PagesAirlines In today’s competitive market, consumers look to companies that not only provide outstanding service and goods, but also, a business that recognizes taking care of its employees, stockholders, consumers and the community as a priority. One company that is consistently recognized for their corporate social responsibility initiatives is Southwest Airlines. Southwest is a successful organization that perfectly blends operational focus with social obligations which translates into increased revenueRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr923 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is part of the reality of doing business. CSR is also known as corporate science, corporate citizenship or responsible business. CSR is important for both business as well as society. CSR is all about how a company is able to show and manage its positive impact on the society. CSR is able to earn its own name in the world of business. The importance and significance of Corporate Social Responsibility is increasing The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The... Introduction Corporate social responsibility is not a new concept; it has evolved significantly, and presently it contains a number of terminologies, theories, and approaches. Nevertheless, one of the main issues that arise in this concept if the theories mix approaches, which use words that have different meaning and motives (Adolphson, 2004). This paper will thereby discuss and present theories of Corporate Social Responsibility in the context of ethical or normative and instrumental motivation. The paper will discuss CRS in both perspectives, which are ethical or normative perspective that mainly focuses in developing a better society, while instrumental perspective mainly centers its ideas on achieving economic objectives by creating social activities. From a normative perspective, the theory argues that the relationship that exists between the society and businesses is essential to ethical values. Therefore, from this point of view, businesses should accept Corporate Social Responsibility as an ethical obligation more than they should any other consideration. On the other hand, in instrumental perspective, Corporate Social Responsibility is a platform for the business to make profit, therefore, only the economic aspect of the interaction in this case is measured between the society and the business (Donaldson, Preston, 1995). Primarily, the paper will base its argument on whether it is wrong for businesses to undertake Corporate Social Responsibility activities forShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede Essay2236 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship between attitudes to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and Hofstede Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of business activity. The authors found the limitation of the current studies which only analyzed the CSR within one country or within one cultural group, so that they attempted to do some research on this field by considering the issues in more than one country. Then, the volume of CSR was categorized into four distinct models: the instrumental and private wealth creating modelsRead MoreCsr Theories13535 Words   |  55 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory Elisabet Garriga, `  ´ Domenec Mele ABSTRACT. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ï ¬ eld presents not only a landscape of theories but also a proliferation of approaches, which are controversial, complex and unclear. This article tries to clarify the situation, ‘‘mapping the territory’’ by classifying the main CSR theories and related approaches in four groups: (1) instrumental theories, in which the corporation is seen as onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: Historical Perspective, Implications, Role, and Prospects and Governance in Bangladesh3395 Words   |  14 Pagesgoverning the passing of benefits and burdens of freehold covenants should be enunciated. Explain and illustrate. 1 .Introduction: The first question that needs to be answered is ‘what do we mean by corporate social responsibility or CSR?’ Corporate social responsibility can be defined as â€Å"the behavior that society commonly expects of businesses in matters of public concern.†[1] . 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Mohr-Corrigan, For The Paper Store -  © October 1999 VISIT www.paperwriters.com/aftersale.htm -- for more information on using this paper properly! Because society is fundamentally based upon performance and profit, it is not unusual to find that it is necessary to impart a sense of corporate social responsibility with regard to contemporary commerce. The ethical approaches of purpose , principle and consequence are integral components of business social performance;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay3287 Words   |  14 Pagesthat people have become more conscious of the ethical and social responsibilities of business over recent decades, suggesting that the modern businesspeople should not only consider about profitability but also extent to what they can contribute to the whole society. A quote by Anita Roddick generally demonstrates the spirit of being ethically and socially responsible: â€Å"The business of business should not be about money. It should be about responsibility. It should be about public good, not privateRead MoreAnglogold Ashanti: Analysis of Csr Strategy6695 Words   |  27 PagesAngloGold Ashanti An Analysis of CSR Strategy Performance Essay 1 By: S. BLIDI ELLIOTT Index No.: EMBA 10110042 Course: Ethics, Social Responsibility and Governance Course No.: EMBA 663 Lecturer: Dr. Judy N. Muthuri Date: September 28, 2012 Word Count: 5,709 This essay is the first of a two-part series critically examining the corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy and performance of AngloGold Ashanti (AGA). This first essay analyses the company’s CSR strategy and activities against

Fundamentals of Descriptive Statistics System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Descriptive Statistics System. Answer: Introduction The management practices executed for transferring the final goods and services from the concept to the end customer is the process of marketing. In simple terms the process of marketing involves researching, promoting, selling and distribution of the products and services. In general terms marketing have been considered as the activities or the business practices executed by a business corporation for making the products presentable in-front of the end customers (Ahmed, Vu, Muttaqi Agalgaonkar, 2018). Marketing is a wide concept and comprises of various approaches and strategies that are required to be implemented by the enterprise for successful delivery of products to the consumers. There are four major components of this concept and that are the product, price, place, and promotion and if used in a combined manner can be termed as the marketing mix strategy. The below-presented report has been summarized on the marketing activities conducted by Qantas Airlines. Qantas Airways is a multinational airline and stands at a third number in the world's oldest airlines. It is capturing a huge market by its ultimate services which are for a long time. Being the largest airlines with maximum numbers of fleets it operates from Australia, Sydney by its classified headquarters (Abam, 2018). The company is very well performing in terms of operations with services of international flights to its customers. Qantas airways cover largest destinations around the world when it comes to serving the people. It has the maximum number of destinations where to the people can travel through it. Hence, in airlines business, it is very much certain and obvious to have operations which are international as there is a lot of money in such kind of operations. the airways are covering a huge share of the market even after having huge competition present in its industry just because of its non-copied services which are rare and very much diversified. Although a section of the market is being covered by the company eventually it can grow and develop in new markets where it is not present so as to increase its market share. It is important for a business to increase its share so that there are sustainability and growth which keeps on rising in business. Further, the target market of the company must be new destinations as well as it should work upon revamping and developing the already existing points and hubs for its passengers (Ahmed, Vu, Muttaqi Agalgaonkar, 2018). The food and beverages of the airlines must be enriched which is the major concern of customers nowadays. In order to improve the sales, company can get associated with various web portals which are really popular in terms of booking while it is launching in new as well as this could be implemented in the existing market as well. Renewal of all the retail centers with a proper design of their ambiance and up to date refurbishment. It owns 20%share of the industry which can be increased. It is preferably working on its old customers which are already associated with it by providing them valuable services so that they remain connected with the business for a long period of time. The company is yielding profits and also concentrating on its long-term legacy which is the quality of services it provides to its customers (Anderson, 2014). Hospitality industry works upon the way it treats people so Qantas can improvise this by regularly training its employees on various sections which are coming up in this changing environment. Through this, the existing and the new customers will be retained for a long term because "The spirit of Australia" has to be taken on another level around the world (Qantas 2018). Qantas was previously working in the places so as to develop a channel for its deliverables. Now that it has positioned itself around the world covering most of the destinations with its headquarters in Sydney, Australia it is aiming to rebuild and launch the airline by reconstructing its strategy and aim of the business. It was previously more positioned and focused on spreading the business. But as for now, it is launching its new segment as "you are the reason that we fly" to dedicate its services to the customers who are continuously supporting it from a long period of time. This is a way of positioning the brand simultaneously coping u with the need for the scenario. A brand always has to make changes in the strategies sometimes in the way it works (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker Brennan, 2015). So, by adopting such changes Qantas is regenerating its section of business it is doing. The level of services and quality it provides is unforgettable and non-beatable by any other airlines . But the presence of rivalries with more new ideas is also obvious which cannot be ignored. There are demands of people and they vary from segments to segments. In order to position a product under such circumstances, it is very significant to choose appropriate positioning strategy for the business. Hence, Qantas has chosen a very appropriate strategy to do so it has divided its services into two sections that are Qantas and Jetstar. To target each segment successfully in terms of their needs and wants as everyone may vary. In order to position itself at varying market, it has provided flexible flight bookings by taking care of the needs that customers have so that they feel very much free while choosing Qantas (Qantas 2018). The customers are provided with facilities to reschedule their flights if they want to which is a strategy of Qantas to position itself in the market where there are no such facilities. Further, the company has tied up with various portals to sell its tickets which are also a way to position its products (Baines, Fill, Rosengren Antonetti, 2017). Positioning relates to launching the product in the market by various strategies so that it is accepted by the customers in the targeted market. Qantas has already been working on it by various means and channels. Further, it can adopt strategies which are very much suitable for the market. It can reconstruct its strategy according to needs of the new market in which it is trying to do business. Although, it has already been working upon attracting most of the customers by flexible and relying services which can further be developed through tie-ups, personal selling, advertisement etc. (Baker Saren, 2016). This will help in safely launching the product which can be placed in the niche market. Needs and demand also the preferences of the customers play an important role in the hospitality industry. So, according to this, a company has to make its strategy so as to make the customers attracted towards its product. With associate degree increasing aggressiveness within the airline business Qantas pays huge priority to product designing. A product is crafted to draw in new customers and stick to these. Gain is controlled at an awfully high priority (Beer et al., 2016). The product of Qantas embodies either traveler motion lodgings in their flights or carriage containers. Basically, The business organization is offering premium motion arrangements. A blowout of soaring preparations is obtainable by Qantas. Top quality, global business category, global economy, exceptional economy (Bishop Plumb, 2016). The business entity also offers variety of sitting categories and arrangements, in-flight administrations, meals, and other basic amenities are provided in every category. Moreover, domestic flights also have different categories in terms of different aspects such as business and economy classes, with separate in-flight traveler entertainment administrations. Whereas, Jet-star is another brand that offers low price flying services. The business organization continually attempts to enhance its product with higher services. Flight data is accessible through internet and online means or received from the corporate via messaging services. The corporate tries to feature up subtle and a lot of advanced aircraft to fly periodically. In-flight amusement has been given a lift with a lot of investments in them. The business entity also offers the best services in terms of the best connecting flights and other services all over the globe (Brand Rolland, 2018). It conducts one in all the foremost standard frequent flyer programs within the world One in all the uppermost business complete names, used for attracting several passengers. The corporate history, brand, and locution distinguish it from its business rivals. Higher flight, safer containers, one in all the fastest routes through the globe area unit offered. Price Qantas majorly uses 'cost and margin' technique of product evaluation. Markets with additional demands prompt higher evaluation for Qantas. Competitive evaluation strategies also are uses (Davis, 2017) Penetrative evaluation is employed for its low price airlines Honest refunding provides client flexibility Qantas provides worth discounts while not depicting them as discounts. This can be to keep up the client worth perception. Qantas do provide the low evaluation at new destinations Frequent flyer programs offer fantastic client edges. Advertisement - TV, radio, net advertising, billboards, brochures, magazines etc. are used for the needs of stigmatization and merchandise promotion (Edwards Wilson, 2017). Marketing is employed to send across messages. Messages are custom-built as per every client, to hit them at a private level. This strategy has to this point been terribly productive. Its been much more effective than victimization mass media to send across mass communication messages. Classified ads are used throughout low seasons Direct mercantilism is employed for company customers (Frumkin, 2015) Social networking, blogs, email promoting are won't meet up with to customers Personal relationship practices, sponsoring sports and other various events; amusement connected programs, involvement and support of assorted charitable programs etc. Place Qantas airlines is directly selling the tickets from the ticketing counters and thus direct sales is conducted Qantas' own shops are utilized for price ticket sales Mobile phones will be wont to purchase tickets (Grant, 2016) Travel agents (intermediaries) are used. Levels of product for Qantas This is the essential product and also the focus is on the aim that the merchandise is meant. For instance, a heated coat can defend you from the cold and also the rain. A lot of necessary edges the merchandise provides, the lot of those customers would like the merchandise. A key part is that the individuality of the core product (Haight, 2017). This may profit the merchandise positioning at intervals a market and result from the potential competition. Qantas' core product is the transportation of the passengers. The improvement within the individuality is needed to be mended. This represents all the attributes of the merchandise (Haque Anastase, 2017). For a heated coat, this is often concerning work, material, rain repellent ability, high-quality fasteners, etc. But for Qantas, their generic product is going to be the comfort of the passengers whereas on all the days of the years the physical comfort or mental comfort a journey would possibly offer can be. This is concerning all the aspects of the buyer that he or she expects after they purchase a product. That coat ought to be very heat and defend from the weather and also the wind and can be snug once riding a bicycle (Haselip Rivoal, 2018). An airline should recognize these expectations of the client with dynamic time as customers change their demands per their market. The increased product refers to any extra factors that set the merchandise aside from that of the competition. And this notably involves complete identity and image (Holcomb, 2016). Is that heat coat stylish, its color fashionable and created by a widely known fashion label? However additional factors like service, pledge and smart worth of cash play a serious role during this. The goal is to deliver one thing that's on the far side associate expected product. It's the interpretation of the need that's regenerate into reality. The client won't say no for comfort and luxury, provided on the airline. Complimentary services to the good client service to back up. This is regarding augmentations and transformations that the merchandise might bear within the future (Kleinaltenkamp, Plinke, Wilkinson Geiger, 2015). For instance, a heated coat that's made from a cloth that's as skinny as paper and thus light-weight as a feather that permits rain to mechanically give. The longer term is here, airlines for the approaching times. Medical care of boarding passes. The digital shot reduces lost baggage problems and faulty routing. Several alternative contemporary concepts area unit coming back, together with programmable bags with integral identification. Experimental mobile applications enable passengers to stay on a virtual eye on their belongings throughout the complete trip (Kotler, 2015). In the future, it's going to even be doable to order your luggage delivered at a selected time to a selected destination address. Tomorrow's travelers might don't have any got to keep their luggage forever in view. Pricing strategy for Qantas Techniques like Expected Marginal Seat Revenue (EMSR) explore the most effective ways that to optimize rates in real time, not solely on a given route, however taking under consideration revenue-creating opportunities across the total airline network (Plekhanov, 2018). That is why, for instance, flying from London to Dubai could have priced just about constant flying all thanks to the city, conjointly via Dubai (Qantas 2018). The airline could value more highly to keep seats on the London-Dubai route for high-value passengers that fly longer on onward journeys and can use valuation to demotivate those getting to fly shorter journeys. Three international trends are reforming travel, distribution trade mediums and threaten to deteriorate the organizations between airways and the travellers. There is a change in the business and marketing trends and in customers behavior on each of the aspects associated with retail and business, changing undercurrents among direct and indirect sales, and hence this is the reason in the hike in the use of digital mechanisms and technologies (Powell, 2016). This aspect of trend is concerned with the increasing utilization of online mediums for the operations and transactions such as searching and ticket booking, the employment of multiple devices, and therefore the growing quality of online media. Meanwhile, online travel agents, domestic travel agents, and travel management corporations supply opportunities and drawbacks for airlines. Airlines will have the benefit of this providing they undertake 3 major initiatives among a holistic strategy powered by technology. They need to rewo rk on their travel distribution model in each direct and indirect channels. They need to pursue nearer partnerships with channel, content, technology players. Finally, they must improve internal capabilities (operating model, processes, skills, and technology) to gain the opportunities of the new distribution trends so as to become focused on customers in the structure set up. Specifically, airlines have to be forced to adeptly manage digital innovation and use these technologies to enhance spaces of the business, important direct channel sales, marketing, cross-selling, and changing evaluation and inventory management. The overall idea and style of the airline prepare the base for its promotion. Selling and promotion can stress the distinctive attributes of the airline and therefore are the points that make it different. Sturdy publicity along with well-placed, well-designed, unique advertising appealing on to people that are the airline's customers can facilitate getting the word out. Special effort should be created to develop and operate an extremely practical, quick, rock-solid, and easy website for online information, reservations, and e-ticketing. Web selling, combined with typical non-Web selling, can steer individuals to the website. There are a lot of customers who use the website, the simpler and a lot of pleasant the expertise are for them, and therefore the lot of commercial and economical, and inevitable, are the method for the airline. Special attention is created at the start to achieve the trend-setters and market-leaders in our varied target markets, even going thus far on prepare personal conferences between airline executives and selling administrators and people opinion leaders, significantly either in Southeast Europe and Turkey or who deal or otherwise have an in-depth affiliation to the target region (Roberts 2012). Whereas generally, special promotional rates and therefore the like are restricted, the airline might think about starting with a special promotion merely to urge glorious and to "take off the ground" with planes that aren't largely empty, as is commonly the scenario with new airlines. Overall, the management and therefore the sales department can coordinate together and can use outside consultants as want be to assured of the foremost positive potential launch (Scott, 2015). The client administrations are about the general population (Plekhanov, 2018). The general population who work for the carrier, the CRM and the encounters the staff can be extemporized by a more point by point preparing program. The exchange procedure of the booking administration; better web composition and operational help for the aircraft are the principle procedures of the business association. The change the carrier office premises; vibe and simplicity of development of the overall population are the real segments that can be considered for the physical confirmation of the firm. Conclusion In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been inferred that marketing is the business approach that can be adopted by the business form making the products available to the customers as and when required by them. The above-presented report has been segmented mainly in two sections and the first one comprise of the marketing strategy adopted by Qantas Airlines and the second segment is about the marketing mix that has been implemented y the firm for marketing and promoting the products in the market. References Abam, E. N. (2018). Branding As a Means of Positioning Itself in the Marketplace A Case Study of the Catholic University Institute of Buea The Entrepreneurial University.Business, Management and Economics Research,4(1), 11-14. Ahmed, T., Vu, D. H., Muttaqi, K. M., Agalgaonkar, A. P. (2018). Load forecasting under changing climatic conditions for the city of Sydney, Australia. Energy, 142, 911-919. Anderson, V. (2014). Alternative Economic Indicators (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. Brennan, R., (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baines, P., Fill, C., Rosengren, S., Antonetti, P. (2017). Fundamentals of Marketing. Oxford University Press. Baker, M. J., Saren, M. (Eds.). (2016). Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Beer, A., Bentley, R., Baker, E., Mason, K., Mallett, S., Kavanagh, A., LaMontagne, T. (2016). Neoliberalism, economic restructuring and policy change: Precarious housing and precarious employment in Australia. Urban studies, 53(8), 1542-1558. Bishop, J., Plumb, M. (2016). Cyclical Labour Market Adjustment in Australia. RBA Bulletin, March, 11-20. Brand, D., Rolland, M. (2018). 13.1 Case StudyPartners for Possibility.Co-Production and Co-Creation: Engaging Citizens in Public Services. Davis, M. (2017). The fundamentals of branding. Bloomsbury Publishing. Edwards, A., Wilson, J. R. (2017). The Move Towards Virtual Working. InImplementing Virtual Teams(pp. 19-21). Routledge. Frumkin, N. (2015). Guide to economic indicators. Routledge. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Haight, S. (2017). Home economies: The T. Eaton Companys Thrift House, 19261950. InArchitectures of Display(pp. 65-80). Routledge. Haque, M. S., Anastase, S. (2017). Rethinking governance and democracy in developing countries: looking back, moving forward. InDemocratizing Public Governance in Developing Nations(pp. 17-26). Routledge. Haselip, J. A., Rivoal, M. (2018). Delivering market-based access to clean cooking fuel for displaced populations the Kigoma region, Tanzania: a business plan. Holcomb, Z. C. (2016). Fundamentals of descriptive statistics. Routledge. Kleinaltenkamp, M., Plinke, W., Wilkinson, I., Geiger, I. (2015). Fundamentals of Business-to-business Marketing. Springer. Kotler, P. (2015). Framework for marketing management. Pearson Education India. Peck, F. (2017). A fine taste for business.In Cumbria Magazine,2017(Sept), 17-17. Plekhanov, D. (2018). Book review: Unlikely Partners: Chinese Reformers, Western Economists, and the Making of Global China. Powell, B. (2016). A Brief Case for Open Borders in Australia. The impact of migration law and policy, 145. Qantas, (2018). About Qantas. Retrieved from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/about-qantas/global/en. Qantas, (2018). Flight sales, promotion and deals. Retrieved from https://www.qantas.com/us/en/promotions.html. Qantas, (2018). Our company. Retrieved from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/company/global/en. Roberts, N, (2012). Qantas marketing strategies. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/loqxvvszw95-/qantas-marketing-strategies/. Scott, D. M. (2015). The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons.

Accounting Theory and Current Issues †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Issues. Answer: Introduction This study deals with explaining the concept of accounting theory and current issues in present world scenario (Williams 2014). In this assignment, proper emphasis has been given to address the following issues and provide with justified reasoning to the reader. The current segment explains positive accounting theory and even highlighted the theory with reference. In the next segment, there is proper comparison and contrast made between the theories such as positive accounting theories and normative accounting theories. The next segment explains about the ways by which normative accounting theory contribute to the development of accounting profession. The present study properly explains the difference between both the theories of accounting and when it is applied and how it is applied by most of the business enterprise (Smith 2017). Positive accounting theory Positive accounting theory is one of the accounting theories that try to make good forecasting of real life or world events as well as interpret it into secretarial dealings at the same time (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Under Positive Accounting theory, business firms tend to maximize their prospects for survival in order to organize in an effective way. Positive accounting theory tries in explaining and predicting the real world events in the most appropriate way. The firm needs to select the accounting policies based on their knowledge. Positive accounting theory highlights that changing situations or circumstances need manager to remain flexible in selecting the accounting policies (Mora and Walker 2015). Positive accounting theory can be attained by altering the accounting policies, managing with the optional accruals, and time of adoption of any new accounting standards. Furthermore, Positive Accounting Theory can even be attained by changing the real variables such a s research development, repairs maintenance as well as advertising. Furthermore, PAT can be achieved by capitalizing operating expenses in the most appropriate way (Deegan 2016). Discuss with reference to a theory that is considered as a positive accounting theory In this question, it is needed to relate Positive accounting theory with system-based theories such as stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and institutional theory. Positive accounting theory is directly related to system-based theories and each of the theory is explained below with proper justification: Systems-oriented theories with Positive accounting theory Stakeholder theory- This theory does not stipulate about what facts need to be revealed other than indicating the fact about provision of facts that is useful for the sustained operations of the business unit. Managerial branch involves information relating to financial and social that is used for controlling over conflicting demands of different groups of stakeholders. Legitimacy Theory- This theory is based on social contract between the society as well as business enterprise as a whole. Business enterprise seeks to understand the fact about how the activities operate within the bounds as well as norms of society. Institutional theory- This theory must overlap with legitimacy theory as well as stakeholder theory. There are theories that explain about why specific accounting theories are made (Positive Accounting Theory, Stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory). In addition, it is how business enterprise forms exist (institutional theory). Furthermore, there are several theories that explain about particular regulation such as accounting regulations are developed. Accounting disclosures as well as specific organizational forms are seen as a way for managing relations with specific groups outside the organization or business enterprise. Comparing and contrasting positive accounting theory with normative accounting theory Positive Accounting Theory Normative Accounting Theory Examines real life occurrences as well as find ways to understand how actual business firm address the accounting treatment for those transactions (Mora and Walker 2015) Takes fundamental different approach In this theory, accounting policy makers plans for what need to be done based on the theoretical principle (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Looks at actual world transactions and events Examines further on how business firms are accounting for those events as well as highlight the economic consequences of those accounting decisions (Deegan 2014). The theory is then predicted on how business firms will account for transactions as well as events in the upcoming financial year (Mora and Walker 2015). More like a deductive process as compared to positive accounting theory. Starts with the theory as then deduced to specific policies (Deegan 2013). Positive accounting theory and its accounting practices are quite objective by nature as well as based on fact (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Descriptions are given for future enhancement for making different logical analysis and predictions of most suitable or acceptable accounting practices or standards used by different business enterprise or accounting firms. This accounting theory actually gives optional practices for both firms who decide whether to use this approach or not in their accounting operations. Normative accounting theory and its accounting practices are quite subjective by nature as well as explains about what the economic future will be for any company or investor (Mora and Walker 2015) Focus mainly on analyzing the statistics as well as data that are present after deriving at conclusions based on those figures (Crawford and Lepine 2013) This normative accounting practice is in the form of a value judgment that helps in introducing subjective morality into accounting (Bonin 2013). Predictable model where the validity of actions are kept independent of the acceptance of any of the goal structure. Justifying some accounting practices (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014) Need commitment to goals and it is the responsibility of the policy makers to undertake further judgment as a whole. Useful in determining the suitability of some of the accounting practices that follows or use normative theories in their business places (Mora and Walker 2015). For instance, If corporate growth allows any business enterprise for increasing shareholder dividends over past dividend payments, then positive accounting theory would conclude that corporate growth actually causes an increase in stockholder dividends. In addition, most of the bookkeeping as well as data collection take into consideration accounting related theory and this is positive economic theory (Mora and Walker 2015). For instance, If any business tends to increase dividend payment by using funds for improving corporate sustainability measures, then normative accounting statement would highlight the fact on how normative accounting deals with future events rather than previous data and this come under the domain of positive accounting practices (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Positive accounting theory can be best used for explaining past financial events and causes of business or any of the current financial standing of an individual (Bertomeu and Cheynel 2013). It further need to determine the reason behind why operating at a net loss of a business need positive accounting practices for comparing actual revenues with actual expenses for a given course of time period. Accounting practices used in this theory help in constructing documents like cash flow statements as well as balance sheets. Normative accounting theory can be best used for explaining the set future economic policy based on theory The mission statement of business enterprise or any of the marketing strategies are properly mentioned in the business plans and normative statements. In this normative statement, it properly reflect about how business ideals to be or accomplish to be in the upcoming financial year (Mora and Walker 2015). Working together Appropriate financial planning for any of the trade enterprise or individual need the use of both positive accounting theory and normative accounting practices. Based on large scale economy, it shows that financial policies make use of normative financial statements but these statements are based upon financial realities as found from the positive accounting practice. In addition, the factual-based practices of positive accounting help in providing basic for business enterprise for engaging in normative accounting and that gives more realistic view on how company operates and still earns profits in the upcoming financial years (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). In what ways normative accounting theory add to the growth of accounting profession? At the time of examining the theories of accounting, it is found out that these theories are developed long before and this underpins the conceptual framework for accounting. The normative theory contributes to the development of accounting profession. This theory was developed to focus on an estimation rather than just observation (Beattie 2014). The normative approach to the expansion of accounting theory actually explain the positivistic nature of normal accounting research where decisions are taken using the theory of accounting and the role of interpretive and serious research. There are various developmental approaches that prove to be beneficial to accounting and leads to a diversity of research approaches and it collectively bring improvements in the status of accounting research (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Therefore, the role of these development aims at fulfilling the needs as well as creating appropriate accounting policies as and when needed Beattie (2014) had brought accounting research for overcoming its normative framework for a technical regulation for developing research work as accounting profession. The authors were of the opinion that for a scientific approach, it is needed to study the accounting theories that emerges from a normative examination to an axis of technical research. The approaches had been designed as it claimed a perspective that further highlights as well as explain about accounting policies as it demolishes with previous theories. Based on the evolution of financial accounting, it is understood that normative theory speculates about the dimension selection in most of the cases (Ball 2013). Altogether, a new horizon was explained in scientific reorientation as well as the framework used for normative prepositions (Mora and Walker 2015). In addition, the scientific orientation explain clearly about methodological foundation for the accounting study and this is treated as values systems and further explain the relationship between the researcher and the subject as a whole. It is important to focus on the research study where the accounting practices explain about the accounting products development as it had emerged like an observed legalization procedure as it is hypothetical to supposed realities (Aryee et al. 2015). There are several strategies that main focus upon certain interest groups as well as engages in surveying their perceptions and attitudes on matters relating to disclosures. The strategy need to be determined to which specific items of significant information and facts are disclosed especially in the corporate annual reports by using normative index of disclosure based on assessment (Mora and Walker 2015). Normative models or goals advocates in policy discussion based on conviction and preferences rather than using inductive system of the existing system. In addition, it is noted that normative events theory had been used for increasing the forecasting accuracy of accounting reports and this was done by emphasizing on relevant attributes of events as it is crucial to the users. Normative theory had been used and attempts to prescribe what data need to be communicated as well as how it is presented in given form (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). It is important to understand the fact that government regulations relates to accounting and reporting where it act as a major force for creating of demand for several normative accounting theories that had been employed for employing public interest arguments. The theory further proposes to demonstrate findings from certain accounting procedures as it help in better decision-making process for several investors. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that both positive and normative accounting theory has its own advantages and limitations. The above analysis properly explains about positive accounting theory on how it helps in predicting the activities of what is happening in the world. This particular theory had been derived from the concept of inductive theory or method. The methods initially begin with given assumptions that describe the accounting practice in various business firms. On the other hand, normative theory fails to predict about the practices that are acceptable in any form. This theory explains about the practice or standards that are readily acceptable. The theory had been derived from deductive method or approach that does not consider other practices that is all about coming up with new practices or ideas at the same time. References Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F.O., Mondejar, R. and Chu, C.W., 2015. Accounting for the influence of overall justice on job performance: Integrating self?determination and social exchange theories.Journal of Management Studies,52(2), pp.231-252. Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.847-853. Beattie, V., 2014. Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.The British Accounting Review,46(2), pp.111-134. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bertomeu, J. and Cheynel, E., 2013. Toward a positive theory of disclosure regulation: In search of institutional foundations.The Accounting Review,88(3), pp.789-824 Bonin, H., 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2014. An overview of legitimacy theory as applied within the social and environmental accounting literature.Sustainability accounting and accountability, pp.248-272. Deegan, C., 2016.Financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Fernando, S. and Lawrence, S., 2014. A theoretical framework for CSR practices: integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory.Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research,10(1), pp.149-178. Lapinski, M.K., Anderson, J., Shugart, A. and Todd, E., 2014. Social influence in child care centers: A test of the theory of normative social behavior.Health communication,29(3), pp.219-232. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.557-605 Mora, A. and Walker, M., 2015. The implications of research on accounting conservatism for accounting standard setting.Accounting and Business Research,45(5), pp.620-650. Smith, M., 2017.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Williams, P.F., 2014. The myth of rigorous accounting research.Accounting Horizons,28(4), pp.869-887.