Lack of effective communication

When a mountaineer goes up for the mountain’s peak, when a pilot soar high in the sky with his plane and when a treasure hunter goes for the hidden treasure with his map, there are two things they all need to have- a compass and a watch. They are but small, simple gadgets yet their importance cannot be denied. Like a compass, communication gives direction to the players in the organization. As a watch, communication defines the perfect timing of every course of action. Having the best players in a team, the best facilities and enough resources cannot give an organization the assurance of its success. This is simply because, as Keith Denton said, 1â€Å"More often, what is required is the simplest need of all-communication.† What brings all the elements of an organization or a team together is communication. Consider a basketball team who is behind by two points in the last few seconds of the game. If the team has a time-out to utilize, shall the coach call for a time-out or just leave the chance to the players? If not, who will be responsible? It could not be just anyone. Effective communication plays an urgent and essential role in this situation. First, in identifying what the problem is. Communicating factual and accurate information on the nature of the problem is the first step in solving a problem. In the business set-up, the earlier the problem is identified, the more time is provided to the team or the organization to solve it. Consider a manufacturing company which is experiencing a significant decline in its production rate for the past three months. Shift production supervisor A accounts the problem to the old machines they are using. Supervisor B blames it to the shift on the standards of the Quality Control department. Supervisor C thinks the problem is due to the newly imported raw materials from a new supplier. Suppose the production head asked only supervisor A and then agreed to address the problem immediately to the management. So the management decided to buy new production machines in order to cope up with its production. Supervisors B and C did not coordinate their evaluations on the problem because they were not asked. After few months, production increased only by few percentage. Re-evaluation revealed that the problem is due to the newly imported raw materials and not on the old machines. This is just one of the many tragic results of lack of effective communication. If only the production head was able to ask the other supervisors, or the supervisors coordinated their evaluations to the production head, even if they were not asked, then their evaluations could have been considered in the management’s decision in solving the problem. The cost of the new production machines could have been saved and the raw materials supplier could have been immediately reprimanded and replaced. Sad to say, time and effort lost in this situation can no more be saved; they are permanently lost. Communication is a basic requirement in all aspects of the organization. 2â€Å"The absence of good planning and sound communications also causes projects to fail.† (G. Silver) In fact, communication is a vital tool in the planning stage of a project. In identifying the what, where, when, why, who and how of a plan, information has to flow through communication lines in order to be utilized by planners and decision makers. In delegation, controlling and directing functions of the management, communication is a basic tool. This is the reason why leaders have to be good communicators. In problem solving and decision making, one has to learn how to make him understood by others and learn also to understand others. This can only be made possible by developing effective communication skills and process. 3 A case study done at General Electric Company and Cypress Semiconductor Corp. revealed that 88% of its engineers believed that â€Å"lack of communication and cooperation leads to reduced productivity.† Further evaluation of this result will give us the fact that this is because planners and decision makers rely on available, coordinated information in formulating their business activities. If all needed information are properly communicated to the concerned individuals, then problem solving and decision making will most probably have favorable results. Considering the vitality of effective communication in an organization which is working as a team, it is but fair to conclude that communication can make or break an organization. REFERENCES Denton, D. Keith. Business Horizons. September-October 1993. Retrieved from http://www.howtobooks.co.uk/business/networking. retrieved on September 07, 2006 Silver, Gerald and Myrra. Systems Analysis and Design. Chapter 06. page 22. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Mass. USA. 1992 P and Q Survey 1990. Effective Business Communications. Retrieved from http://www.howtobooks.co.uk/business/networking Retrieved on September 07, 2006

Pre1914 prose study Essay

A single eye opens. On the dark, damp night of November, Frankenstein’s creation at last exists. Chapter 5 shows the awaking of his creation, literally his child. For so long he toiled, working towards this moment. But for what? For when the time came, only negative attitude was expressed. And so Victor deserts his â€Å"monster†, plunging the creation into complete darkness, lost, lonely and unaware. Frankenstein wants nothing to do with it, but to his creation, Victor is his everything. He made him; he is his mother, his father, and ultimately his God. Although, to say that Victor is a parent is rather ironic; it’s such an inhumane way of creating a living human being, such a ‘masculine’ form of science cannot work, it’s not naturally correct to deny the feminine act of child birth. Also, Frankenstein never once considered what he would do with the creation once he is alive; therefore, Victor fails as a parent. Frankenstein never educated the creation, and denies loving it. In the absence of love, Frankenstein’s Monster is forced to learn the hard way. The reactions he received drives the creature to realize that appearance and physicality is an important part of the public’s vain judgments. Rejected, uneducated and even nameless, it’s distanced from humanity and branded with such names as ‘wretch’, ‘daemon’, and ‘monster’ in which most of the names are from his creator’s own mouth. Such a gentle soul never had any physical contact with the human race and therefore attaches itself to the De Lacy family. Soon developing new emotions and sensations, he gains pleasure from help the family suffering from poverty. In return, he gains a steady education, Just like a child, and with a child, his knowledge builds off the teaching of Felix De Lacey. An important factor in this is the books he reads; Plutarch’s Lives, Volney’s Ruins of Empire, Goethe’s The Sorrows of Werther and most importantly Milton’s Paradise Lost. All of them represent the idea of romantic thinking in which Mary Shelley was associated. When presenting his arguments, he quotes from one such book: â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed† (p. 77-8) He quotes Paradise Lost and relates himself to one character. Satan. Judged by his appearance, the public see him as evil and yet he is a tragic character, isolated from the world. He sees this mirrored in Milton’s Satan. Believing that perhaps the De Lacey family may accept him as a normal person and with that only to fail, was the stimulus to the beginning of his transportation from love to hate. Demonstrated in this novel is that creation isn’t just finished at the beginning of life. Frankenstein gives birth to this child of science, but makes him what he is branded, and ultimately what he is. A monster. By deserting him, he created an isolated and suffering being. With addition to being rejected by any other living person, this makes him a tragic figure. Victor was deeply self-absorbed, never once thinking of the welfare of his creation, but rather how to distance himself further from it. But, when moved by the monster’s happenings, he agrees to make a female partner. But again, he abandons him for his own welfare, and will not complete his companion. After making his creation, he fears making another double of his regret. The creature denies this though, he only wishes for a companion for the rest of his days on earth. Yet roles are reversed in the heart of the novel. In the beginning, power is mostly in Victor’s possession but by the time of meeting, the creature dominates, leading Victor into the wilderness of the mountains.

The Criminal Justice System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Criminal Justice System - Assignment Example Police brutality is an issue of great concern globally. Torture in cells on claimed suspects by law enforcement is a clear sign of a failed criminal justice system. The perpetrators of such inhumanity are never brought to book. The same supposed law that was meant to protect is the same law that seeks to destroy (Garland, 2002). I believe that if a crime was to be committed but the offender is not brought to book, it still is an offence that is punishable according to the law. This means that one is indeed a criminal despite the fact that they did not get caught in the act of committing the crime. Criminal masterminds that manage to commit crimes and still evade law enforcers do not cease being criminals despite the fact they managed to outsmart the law. It still is a crime and that automatically qualifies them as criminals (Garland, 2002). The conflict model of the criminal justice system argues that for an organization to be fully effective, it should be willing to work competitively to produce justice rather than cooperatively (John, 2005). On the other hand, consensus model also known as the systems perspective of CJS, argues that to produce justice, organizations should be willing to work cooperatively. The conflict model, also known as the System conflict theory, argues that worries over fame, fame, success cause conflict in the justice system itself. Some of the main differences between the crime control and the due process model are; in crime control, repression of crime is the most important function while in the due process, providing fairness under the law is seen as the key function (William, 2001). In the crime control, concentration is placed on vindicating the victims’ rights rather than protecting the defendants’ rights while on the other side of the due process, concentration is placed on the

International Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

International Human resource management - Essay Example The enterprises that are able to effectively manage the human resources are the ones that are capable of competing well in the dynamic global market. Scholz & Zentes (2009) points out that even with the increased awareness on the global trends, multinationals are still having a lot of problems in expatriation and repatriation processes. This is basically as a result of the fact that the different countries in which such organizations are operating has diverse factors and concerns that determine how effective and profitable a business will be. The factors may be economical, political, social, legal, technological and social. One of the main areas of concern is on the pay and conditions of the employment (Ferner & Quintanilla, 2001). Multinationals rely on two management approaches in the global arena to manage employees. They are the standardization and the adaptation approaches. The multinationals which use the standardized model of operations employ similar strictures for the employee remuneration and conditions of employment in all their areas of operations. The standardized structure is aimed at streamlining all the operations of the business in the various markets and regions where it is operating in. Hilton Hotel is one of the corporations which uses this approach in all its branches worldwide. Ferner & Almond (2004) notes that adaptation, on the other hand, entails restructuring the human resources operations and approaches so that they conform to the prevailing conditions in the market or country where an enterprise is operating in. Such businesses, therefore, consider the various social, political, economic and cultural factors that may affect their human resource operations and integrate them in their operations. Aguilera (2004) adds each of these approaches has its own pros and cons. Despite this being the case, multinationals

Economic Impact of Imperialism in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic Impact of Imperialism in India - Essay Example Britain applied the most complex methods to abuse India's vast rich economic reserves. 200 years later of the British control India's economic set up was completely shattered. India in 1947 was a picture of economic underdevelopment with hunger, poverty; low national income etc. Indian agriculture had been cared for by the East India Company. This was chiefly because the major generators of state income were land revenue. Apart from this, the British government wanted to make India as its agricultural base. Since agricultural produce from India could make available cheap raw materials to industrial England. The Company tried a variety of experiments to make the most of the land revenue by falling back to the technique of domination and suppression of the peasants. The system of farming and collecting land revenue became obsolete. Cornwallis introduced the 'Permanent Settlement' which is nothing but a system of collecting land Revenue in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in the year 1793. Following decision makers brought in the Ryotwari system in the Bombay Presidency and it was introduced in most parts of the Madras Presidency. The Mahalwari system showed exceedingly ravaging in the part of Uttar Pradesh. The Zamindary system promoted absentee landlordism. It final ly produced a host of mediators between the state and the cultivator. This complex system of land revenue created a group of moneylenders. These money lenders, in turn, oppressed the poor peasants by lending them at high interests. The poor cultivators could not repay those high interests and finally submitted their lands to those moneylenders. As a result, famine was the common feature of the time. Indian industries bore maximum atrocities under the British domination. The authority and wide-ranging sale of the Indian handicraft in Europe was aimed at the commercial interests of the Company. The Whig governments during the early years of the 18th century enforced heavy duties on Indians textiles imports in Britain. At the end of the Napoleonic wars, the Indian markets were opened to the British for free trade. The British government was now allowed for British machine-made goods to be poured in India duty-free or at minimum cost only. A policy of one-way free trade was also introduced in India which made the Indian handicrafts lose its market. This brought about a great wretchedness to a key section of Indian population.

The Lost Television Series Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Lost Television Series - Essay Example The pilot excels in the introduction of characters, addressing the genre of the show, which is mysterious to the audience, and in using exciting storyline and great visual effects in making the viewers amazed (Roberts 41). The Lost writers made no fault in naming the first episode of Lost as the pilot. The naming was not through accident. As illustrated in the show, the naming was not done for the sake of doing it. It was named purposefully. This can be illustrated by the fact that as one goes through the show, he or she will discover that every little information that the writers give to lost fans has a particular meaning connected to the storyline earlier or later on in the Lost’s mysterious plot. In this case, it is wise getting the meaning of name the Pilot. The episode is about the search for the cockpit of the oceanic 815 airliners. The pilot of the airliner is in the cockpit. Therefore, the Lost writers chose the name the Pilot intentionally to create a play on words since the pilot was in the cockpit, which was being searched. This name choice was a subtle hint given to the audience by the writers. In other words, they were revealing to the audience the sign of what to expect. It should be, however, noted that nothing has been put straightforward in the Lost show (Douglas 27). The introduction of the main character in the Pilot has been done quite nicely in the first season of the show. Consequently, it is Matthew Fox, Doctor Jack Shephard who has been introduced as the first character in the show’s first scene. A golden lab sprinting through the jungle awakes him. On waking up Jack there is a very exciting overhead shot of his eyes. Among most of the characters found throughout the season, we find many shots. The shots are meant to perhaps bring a reflection of the notion the eyes constitute the windows for accessing the soul.  Ã‚  

Obesity in Minority Children Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity in Minority Children - Term Paper Example The paper â€Å"Obesity in Minority Children† discusses the issue of immigrant children who face the problem of obesity because they are exposed to a different lifestyle. Obesity puts adverse impact on the children who are fat as compared to other children of their age group. There exist some interventions, which nursing professionals can use to deal with the problem of obesity in minority children. Nursing professionals often deal with the cases of obesity in minority children. Interviews with some of the nursing professionals reveal that about 70 percent of the obese children did not use to do any physical exercise and just played video games for entrainment and watched television. Researches have proved that almost 55 percent of the obese children eat junk foods instead of eating fresh vegetables and fruits. The poor diet choice of such children increase the level of fat in the bodies of children making them overweight as compared to other children of their age who take bal anced diet daily. Nursing professionals can take some effective steps to deal with the problem of obesity in minority children. Some of the ways, which nurses can use, include creating awareness among children regarding use of fruits and vegetables instead of junk foods, stopping them from taking sugary drinks, promoting the importance of physical exercises among children, and making them adhere to the principles of good body mechanics. It is the role of the nurses to promote healthcare among children in order to prevent them from getting obese. Nurses can make parents aware of the healthy and nutritious diet, which they can give to their children. Nurses can also make parents aware of the necessity of physical exercises for their children. Nurses can advise the parents to engage their children in physical

The second treatise of government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The second treatise of government - Essay Example According to Machiavelli human nature should not be given full liberty. If this happens there is a creation of an ignorant population that may challenge the reign of the prince. In this case the prince represents the leader. The prince had the authority to use whichever form of leadership as long what is under his command remain controlled. In one of the most controversial inclusion in his book is the justification of use of violence in leadership. He justifies the use of force in controlling and eliminating political opposition and rivalry. The use of force coerces the resistant individuals and control strong men who have the ability of challenging the existing leadership. He also justified the use of violence when it came to introduction of power and implementing new laws and regulations. In his argument people responded more effectively to the use force than any other form of approach (Waldron, 45). It is from his negative political approach many public institutions and bodies cri ticized his pieces of literature. The Machiavellian approaches were termed as enemies of democracy and leadership as they promoted dictatorship and the use of crude ways of leadership. Humanists, activists and religious institutions disregarded the literature used by Machiavelli. Machiavelli’s views on security and corruption are also based on who is at power. The authority should provide people with security. However, the security should be offered when the people are opposing the leadership o f the land. Regardless of the conduct of the leader, the people should be respectful to the leadership of the land. There are numerous instances where Machiavelli disregarded the nature of human rights. The nature of human rights is based on the fact that leadership should be based on the view of the citizens. The general view of a leaders should be created by the nature of is environment. Additionally, the modes used in leadership should not be crude and undemocratic. Machiavelli†™s view is in deep contract with these views. In his view, a leader should not be changed by the nature of his environment but come up with changes that will suit his character (Waldron, 123). Even if the change is negative and unfair to the people, the leader should find other ways of implementing this change. According to Waldron human rights should be the most considered factor when coming up with policies of leadership (34). The author further argues that disregard of the nature of the Human rights what is created is not leadership for the people but leadership dictating the people. Dictatorship n itself is a negative aspect of the society. Leaders using this mode of leadership are enemies of liberty and democracy. The people should have a voice in which they give their responses to the kind of leadership they want. Machiavelli’s proposition of using violence is also a major hindrance to achieving liberal societies. His approaches were viewed as what human activists wer e against. However, looking at the literature by Machiavelli in another perspective brings out another scenario of his arguments. It is an obvious assumption that any leader should be able to control the people under his command. This means that regardless of what he does, the people should not surpass his authority. It is a human to create opposition and resistance. An effective leader should be

The Importance of Law Enforcement Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Importance of Law Enforcement - Article Example As quoted by Schuster (2007) from the American Judicature Society, â€Å"misidentification by the eyewitness was the leading cause of wrongful conviction in more than 75% of the first 183 DNA exonerations in the United States†. From this statement, questions arise on the effectiveness of the methods used by the police in letting the eyewitness identify suspects from photographic and live lineups that are commonly used in the US police departments. There are two kinds of lineups: simultaneous and sequential. In a simultaneous lineup, the eyewitness views all the people or photos at the same time, while in a consequential lineup, people or photographs are presented to the witness one at a time. Both lineups have their disadvantages. In the simultaneous lineup, most preferred by law enforcers, Schuster (2007) quoted that witnesses use â€Å"relative judgment† rather than their memory. This means that they just compare the lineups with each other and choose the one that closely resembles the perpetrator. This becomes a problem most especially when the perpetrator is not present in the lineup because the eyewitness can just pick anyone that closely resembles the perpetrator. In a consequential line-up, on the other hand, a decision should be made about the current lineup before moving to the next. As such, the eyewitness oftentimes relies on the use of â€Å"absolute judgment† in which witnesses compare each lineup on what he or she thinks the offender looks like. Aside from the disadvantages, Schuster (2007) also quoted variables that can affect the outcome of police lineups. These are the pre-lineup instructions given to the witness, the physical characteristics of the fillers, similarities or differences between the witness’ and suspect’s age, race, or ethnicity, and incident characteristics such as the use of force or weapons.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Globalization - Essay Example First, a firm may choose FDI rather than exporting when it wants to regulate cost uncertainty, as well as demand uncertainty. Through FDI, the international firm will meet the shifting local demand more quickly than when the firm uses exporting; this will improve the profits of the firm. Therefore, the firm may decide to internationalize business activities through FDI rather than exporting when the cost uncertainty is lower than the demand uncertainty. Moreover, firms that engage in the production of products that may be less similar may choose foreign direct investment as an entry strategy in foreign markets than the use of exporting. Another circumstance that may prompt a firm to use foreign direct investment rather than the other methods like exporting includes government policies. These may entail policies that discourage exports as a way of conducting international business. For example, nontariff as well as tariff barriers may discourage firms from choosing to export as an entry mode in international business. High taxes that may be levied on the exports may compromise the profits of the business enterprise. As a result, firms may choose to make direct investments in the foreign markets with an aim of maintaining productivity and profits. Tariffs may act as barriers to international trade, especially when firms depend on exports as a mode of entry in international markets. Another circumstance that may make a firm make a direct investment in a foreign country through FDI includes marketing concerns. This may entail the distribution, logistics, image of the firm, and responsiveness to the customers' needs. Firms that require quick and immediate feedback from the customers tend to choose FDI as the mode of entry in international markets (Markusen 2004, p. 287). Through FDI, the firm takes advantage of its presence in a foreign market to engage in widespread marketing of the products, which it produces. Thus, Foreign Direct Investment could be more favorable than exporting, licensing, and franchising in a situation where the firm wants to engage in enormous marketing of its products (Moran 2002, p. 100). Firms may also decide to internationalize their business activities through foreign direct investment where logistical considerations play an essential role in the activities of the firm. An example includes the costs attributed to internationalization th rough exporting (William 2004, p. 246). While firms decide to internationalize through exporting, some costs such as packaging, warehousing, distribution, and transporting costs will be incurred. Thus, in circumstances where firms want to avoid these costs, it will be more

Managing The Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Managing The Human Resources Essay INTRODUCTION: This assignment is based on a case study titled Hot Work at the Aluminium Smelter in Lynmouth, and it examines the current HRM principles being used within the organisation. The HR values that are being investigated are HRM or people management values, team effectiveness and the effect of motivation, communication and the culture in the organisation, and leadership qualities. The overall aim of this assignment is to provide appropriate business solutions that help in improving the effectiveness of the organisation, from the perspective of a HR consultant. HRM PEOPLE MANAGEMENT VALUES: Armstrong (2000) argues that personnel practioners are often confused when asked about the difference between HRM and personnel management. According to Storey (1995) HRM is said to be fundamentally unitarist. This makes the management at Lynmouth more HR than personnel, as although the unions membership levels were low and their influence was weak, they were recognised by management in respect of white-collar staff. Also teamworking was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade union, and they were asked to recommend the number of posts required for the new line that was to open in 2000. This shows that the management did consider the unions before reaching a decision. The climate of employee relations could be characterized as suspicious and mistrustful, indicating to a model of personnel management (Sisson 1994). In HRM, rules, procedures and contracts are an obstruction to effective performances and there is an emphasis on strategy and devolved responsibility to line management (Storey 1996). At Lynemouth, there were rules and guidelines set for the team leaders and employees worked according to shifts, and pay was not performance related. Read more:  Personnel vs Human Resources Although these values point towards personnel management (Sisson 1994), Lynemouth also inculcates HRM values. Despite each plant having specialist staff that kept the plant within its operating limits, team leaders worked as line managers (Storey 1996) and were responsible for the coordination and scheduling of work. Also there are few job categories and teamwork is preferred to division of labour (Storey 1995). There is a great deal of task flexibility (Sisson 1994) in the teams, and in 2000 they were given greater autonomy. Boxall Purcell (2003) states that HRM can be interpreted as having a soft developmental humanist approach or a hard situational contingent approach. The soft version emphasizes a people-centred approach to HRM, whereas the hard version emphasizes a resource-based approach (Thornhill Saunders 1998). Although the organisation appears to be soft with the implementation of teams, they can be viewed as being hard economically, as the organisation aims were resource focused, there appeared to be low trust between employees, and there was also functional flexibility within the teams (Kane et al. 1999). Responsibility for hiring new staff, and for assessing applications for internal transfers, were devolved to shop-floor workers, thus making them more flexible. A hard approach is often seen as an essential part of cost-minimization strategy (Kane et al. 1999), which appears to be the situation at Lynemouth. TEAM EFFECTIVENSS THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION: A team is a work group or a unit with a common purpose through which members develop mutual relationships for the achievement of goals/tasks (Harris Harris 1996). Vyakarnam et al (1999) states that a number of studies have confirmed that successful ventures are often established by teams rather than a single person, and the core competence of a successful team is to build and manage relationships around a common vision. The management team at Lynemouth havent clearly described the team goals or each individuals specific task. It is essential that the first step in creating a team is to define the goal or goals that create the direction for the new group (Twomey Kleiner 1996; Arroba 1996). Harris Harris (1996) explain that teams are successful and effective when they overcome difficulties, achieved through interdependence. Teams also promote a sense of confidence and direction among the team members and helps becoming more flexible in nature (Arroba 1996). Among shop-floor workers at Lynemouth with regard to satisfaction and commitment, there was a greater sense of autonomy and participation. With regard to work organisation, there was an increase in multi-skilling, and there were clear examples of improved flexibility. For example, team members would work a crane as required, rather than waiting for a dedicated crane driver. The major difference between successful teamwork and unsuccessful teamwork is largely based upon team members sharing common goals and working together to achieve them (Tarricone Luca 2002). They also state that ineffective communication, lack of resources and lack of trust are the key attributes that hinder the effectiveness of a team. At Lynemouth, the workers were clear that the divide between manager and worker was as sharp as ever and that the enforcement of discipline was not part of the teams duties. There appeared to be low trust between them, and also communication with regard to specific tasks seems to be lacking. It is also advisable to establish a sense of urgency so that the teams dont get complacent (Twomey Kleiner 1996). Ritchie Martin (2001) states that money and tangible rewards, the physical conditions and the structure are the three key factors motivating people in a working environment. Although teamwork was favourable from a shop-floor point of view, middle managers and technical staff had reservations about teamwork, feeling undervalued and lacking determination. Macaulay Cook (2001) states that rewards and recognition processes help to focus attention on priorities, thus motivating individuals. Group leaders felt that the work they were being given was not sufficiently demanding, and technical staff felt that that their job territory was under threat. There seems to be a need for rules and guidelines in the work place, for direction and certainty (Ritchie Martin 2001). Thompson (2004) concludes that people could be motivated further and made more effective if they were given appropriate encouragement and attention. COMMUNICATION CULTURE: According to Connolly (1996) communication is a critical issue and everyone wants better communication within their team, between teams and across their organization. Employee communication should play a strategic role in an organization to work effectively (Barrett 2002). In the early 1990s there was a wide perception at Lynemouth that communication was poor, and the climate of employee relations could be characterized as suspicious and mistrustful. Barrett (2002) also emphasizes that without effective employee communication, change is impossible, and in 1997 with Lynemoths future in doubt, the management realized the importance of communication and set about to win employee consent by reforming the communication system. With regard to this, teamwork was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade unions, which encouraged further development in employee relations. However, with the success of teamwork, white-collar staff felt undervalued. Peng Litteljohn (2001) asserts that structural arrangements may facilitate communication on the one hand, and create barriers for communication on the other. Group leaders felt that their status and authority were being eroded, and technical staff felt that their job territory was under threat, and changes were made without consulting the people involved, and there was a feeling that the appraisal system was not adequate, as the management did not seem to listen. Connolly (1996) states that to enhance communication, both the employer and the employee should realize the importance of effective communication. The author concludes by saying that perhaps the most effective ways of improving communication are also the simplest taking the time to really notice the employees, listening to how they speak and more importantly to what they say. The management could create a system where employees are rewarded for their good work, as Storey (1995) states that the way in which employees are rewarded is central to the regulation of employment relationship. Handy (1986) states that every organization is different, and each organization has a different culture sets of values and norms and beliefs. In 1990, many workers had been with the plant since it opened, and labour turnover was low. Majority of the workers were male, with few women being employed in clerical posts. There is a close and sometimes unclear relationship between organisational culture and its climate (Wallace, J et al. 1999). Although the climate of employee relations could be characterised as suspicious and mistrustful at Lynemouth, work organisation was considered to be fairly conventional. Handy (1986) argues that if organizations are to survive and meaningful jobs are to be created for all those who want to work, then both organizations and individuals will have to change the way they perceive jobs and careers. He also states that fewer, better-motivated people could create much more added value than large groups of unthinking, demotivated individuals. Lynemouth, with the introduction of teamworking could be seen as incorporating these values. However, the management at Lynemouth should create meaningful jobs for all employees. The structure of Lynemouths employees could be characterized under senior managers, middle managers and workers. Handy (1986) argues that organizations are not owned by anyone, but are a community of people who could be called citizens of the community rather than employees. Ogbor (2001) asserts that organisational culture should discourage dysfunctional work behaviours, and commit members of the organization to do things for and with one another that are in the best interests of the organization. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES: The American general, Dwight Eisenhower, once said that the essence of leadership is to make people do what you want them to with as much will, determination and enthusiasm as if they had decided for themselves (Popper Zakkai 1994). Cacioppe (1997) suggests that recent reviews of the research and theories on leadership have consolidated the key areas of leadership into personality, transactional and transformational forms of leadership. He also states that honesty, inspiration, competent, fair-mindedness and supportiveness are the characteristics that people most admire in leaders, where as Tait (1996) suggests that vision, interpersonal skills, character and drive are the four attributes considered to be necessary personality traits for business leadership. Transactional leadership is based on the interplay between the leaders guidance or direction and socio-emotional support, and the readiness or developmental level that followers exhibit on a particular task, function, or objective (Avery and Ryan 2002). The third major approach is the Transformational leadership which communicates a vision that inspires and motivates people to achieve something extraordinary (Cacioppe 1997). Transactional leadership remains highly popular among practitioners and it could be applied at Lynemouth. It appeals to managers because of its intuitive simplicity, ease of use, and perceived relevance to managerial roles (Avery and Ryan 2002). In 2000, with the end of direct supervision, management appointed team leaders from existing team members, following a formal application procedure. Team leaders were made responsible for team briefing and the coordination and scheduling of work, and they did receive an additional weekly allowance of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100. The management at Lynemouth could also try to incorporate the transformational leadership values by providing every individual and team with a vision and also motivating them, thus improving leadership effectiveness at the team levels (Cacioppe 1996). Silverthorne (2000) believes that the readiness and willingness of subordinates to perform tasks are the important aspects that contribute to a leaders effectiveness. CONCLUSION: This assignment investigated the current HRM principles being used within the organisation. A few key points in improving the effectiveness of an organisation are effective teams, effective communication between the teams and good leadership skills. Lynemouth could improve the effectiveness of their organisation by motivating each individual, improving the communication between the employers and the management, and also by providing individual, team and organisational goals for the leaders to follow. REFERENCE: Armstrong, M 2000, The name has changed but has the game remained the same?, Journal of Employee Relations, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 576-593. Arroba, T 1996, Why are common objectives so uncommon in top management teams?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 17-21. Avery, G.C Ryan, J 2002, Applying situational leadership in Australia, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 21, no. 4, pp 242-262. Barrett, D.J 2002, Change communication: using strategic employee communication to facilitate major change, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp 219-234. Boxall, P Purcell, J 2003, Strategy and Human Resource Management, Palgrave, New York. Cacioppe, R 1997, Leadership moment by moment!, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 18, no. 7, pp 335-345. Connolly, C 1996, Communication: getting to the heart of the matter, Journal of Management Development Review, vol. 9, no. 7, pp 37-40. Handy, C.B 1976, Understanding Organisations, Penguin Group, London. Harris, P.R Harris, K.G 1996, Managing effectively through teams, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 3, pp 23-36. Kane, B et al. 1999, Barriers to effective HRM, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 20, no. 8, pp 494-516. Macaulay, S Cook, S 2001, Rewarding Service Success, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 5, no. 1, pp 4-8. Ogbor, J.O 2001, Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 14, no. 6, pp 590-638. Peng, W Litteljohn, D 2001, Organisational communication and strategy implementation a primary inquiry, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 13, no. 7, pp 360-363. Popper, M Zakkai, E 1994, Transactional, Charismatic and Transformational Leadership: Conditions Conducive to their Predominance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 15, no. 6, pp 3-7. Silverthorne, C 2000, Situational leadership theory in Taiwan: a different culture perspective, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp 68-74. Sisson, K 1994, Personnel Management A comprehensive guide to Theory and Practice in Britain, 2nd edn, Blackwell, Oxford. Storey, J 1995, Human Resource Management A critical text, Thomson, London. Storey, J 1995, Is HRM catching on?, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 16, no. 4, pp 3-10. Storey, J 1996, Blackwell cases in Human Resource and Change Management, Blackwell, Oxford. Tait, R 1996, The attributes of leadership, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol 17, no. 1, pp27-31. Tarricone, P Luca, J 2002, Employees, teamwork and social interdependence a formula for successful business?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp 54-59. Thompson, J. L 2004, Innovation through people, Journal of Management Decision, vol. 42, no. 9, pp 1082-1094. Thornhill, A Saunders, M.N.K 1998, What if line managers dont realize theyre responsible for HR?, Personnel Review Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp 460-476. Twomey, K Kleiner, B.H 1996, Teamwork: The essence of the successful organisation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 6-8. Vyakarnam, S et al. 1999, Exploring the formation of entrepreneurial teams: the key to rapid growth business?, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp 153-165. Wallace, J 1999, The relationship between organisational culture, organisational climate and managerial values, International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 12, no. 7, pp 548-564.

A foodborne disease that is estimated to have infected one third of the human population Essay Example for Free

A foodborne disease that is estimated to have infected one third of the human population Essay Toxoplasmosis is a foodborne disease that is estimated to have infected one third of the human population (2). Not only does Toxoplasmosis infect humans, but it is also been found in almost all of the warm-blooded animals, primarily cats (3). Toxoplasmosis was first found in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux in the cells of the gundi, a type of rodent, in Brazil. It was also found by Splendore to be in the tissues of a rabbit. Fifteen years later, in 1923, a fatal case of toxoplasmosis was reported in a child. Finally in 1939, toxoplasmosis was identified as a cause of human disease (2). Toxoplasmosis seemed to first be described by Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii has two   types of hosts, a definitive and an intermediate. Cats are the only definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii meaning that only when the parasite infects the cat will it produce oocysts (eggs). Toxoplasma gondii will not produce eggs in other warm-blooded animals. When the cat digests food that contains this parasite, the Toxoplasma gondii inside of the cat will be released into the digestive tract where it will then multiply and produce oocysts in the small intestine. This process is called intraintestinal infection cycle. The parasite is released in large quantities through the feces. The cat will also start shedding oocysts after 3 days of being infected and will continue to shed for 10 to 14 days. T he oocysts are very resilient and can survive up to a year. Other oocysts in the cat penetrate deeper into the intestine and develop tachyzoite which is the parasite’s form of rapid growth. The tachyzoite spreads throughout the body and start the extraintestinal infection cycle. When the immune system responds, the tachyzoite go into their resting stage and become bradyzoites, which is a slow growing form (3). A human or any other intermediate host can then be exposed to the parasite through either eating meat contaminated with the parasite or accidently (or not) swallowing cat feces (1). The oocysts are not immediately infectious as they must first go through a process called sporulation which takes from one to five days. Once the sporulated oocysts are in the intermediate host, they develop tissue cysts which stay in the host for life (3). When Toxoplasma gondii enters the human host, tachyzoites begin to develop and infect various organs. The parasite then enters the brain and creates oocysts. It then establishes a â€Å"chronic infection† which taxes the immune system (4). Toxoplasmosis usually doesn’t show any for most people. Severe cases of toxoplasmosis usually develop in babies whose mother was infected by toxoplasmosis or by people with compromised immune systems such as people with HIV. Some people with mild cases of toxoplasmosis may exhibit flu-like symptoms with swollen nymph glands along with sore muscles for a month or more. However, the severe cases can cause individuals to develop encephalitis along with eye and other organ damage. Patients may begin to experience pain that is accompanied by a bright light along with reduced vision and redness of the eye (1). Toxoplasmosis 1 http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/ 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704023/?tool=pubmed 3 http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/brochures/toxo.html 4 http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/3/745.full Penicillium chrysogenum 5 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/nov2003.html 6 http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/penicill.htm 7 http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/kitzmann_step/

Essence Of Decision: Explaining The Cuban Missile Crisis

Essence Of Decision: Explaining The Cuban Missile Crisis Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, by Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow examines the momentous Cuban Missile Crisis, which was one of the most successful acts of diplomacy during the Cold War. Allison and Zelikow explore through three different conceptual lenses accommodating the reader to look further into common methods of foreign policy analysis. Allison and Zelikow evaluate the events of the thirteen days in October 1962 to demonstrate the models of policy analysis from different perspectives. The authors provide ample historical reviews, evidence and documents of the events, and offers thorough analyses of the crucial time of the nuclear age by also presenting new methods to consider with foreign policy actions. The three conceptual models, which can be used to analyze policy actions; the Rational Actor, Organizational Behavior, and Governmental Politics Models are described and applied to the Cuban Missile Crisis case. Each model demonstrates different fe atures and areas of the fundamental decisions made by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the crisis. Allison and Zelikow clarify that even though there is no whole understanding of the situation as it happened at the time, and it will never be likely, however using these three theoretical lenses it will help gain a closer understanding and more of an awareness of all of the elements and the choices that were made at the time. In this essay I will attempt to draw some understanding of the decisions the United States made towards the Cuban Missile Crisis by using Allisons three conceptual lenses from the Essence of Decision, which is an analysis of the crisis itself and the decision making in the resolution procedure. Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow present Model I as the most commonly used method of evaluating foreign policy actions, this method is titled the Rational Actor Model, also known as RAM. RAM is a way of understanding policy actions taken by states, by considering the country as a rational unitary actor. The rational framework is also the most frequently used method in determining decisions between policy choices in the adoption and evaluation stages of the policy cycle. Whilst analysing an action undertaken by a state towards another state, the RAM presumes the actions taken place are intended, value maximising and strategic. The authors quote for each explanation an act consists of showing what goal the government was pursing when it acted and how the action was a reasonable choice, given the nations objective (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 15). This allows us to understand how people go about making decisions, as it is done implicitly, without the person unintentionally realising the y are doing it. The main questions in the Essence of Decision book that were answered in regards to the crisis are; Why did the Soviet Union place offensive missiles in Cuba? Why did the US respond to this action with a blockade around Cuba? And why did the Soviet Union withdraw missiles in response? Looking at the situation in understanding the US decision-making reaction to the actions, the RAM analysis considers after evaluating a number options, and considering Kennedys goals, by assessing the quality of the search for options and their respective outcomes, and check whether the final choice promised to achieve his original goals to the extent that the decision-making process comes close to this ideal model, we can say that it was rational (Allison 1999, p.33), and a blockade would have the best chance of sending the desired message to Moscow without provoking a military response. Allison and Zelikows Rational Actor Model, examines the question of whether we can understand clea rly the move made by a country in the international policy arena as a rational choice? For instance, the concept of bounded rationality appears clearly in foreign policy decision making, even when there is a central decision maker of a state, for example a leader or president who has supreme choice over all courses of action, their rational decision making will be hindered by the fact that they have no idea what the opponent is thinking. This can be referred back to the Cuban Missile Crisis; where President Kennedy and his advisors, the ExComs failed attempts at trying to understand why Khrushchev made certain decisions and actions. Since the international policy arena often deals with competitive oppositional opponents who keep their true intentions hidden as a means of accomplishing what they want (Lindbolm, 1959, p.113-127). President Kennedy becomes the driver of the debate by making sure his team cautiously takes each step of the crisis to probe deeper implications of each opti on and to stretch their imagination (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 357) as the mass of diverting nuclear war cascades upon him. Thus helps us understand why the US made a rational decision with the blockade as it had several advantages, one being it did not constitute direct attack, secondly it placed the burden of the next move on Khrushchev, and also kept other options open. This is when the USSR decided to withdraw, that is because it recognised US strategic superiority. The book argues that in fact the USSR backed down in face of US warnings that further actions would follow if the missiles were to become operational. The second Model, Allison and Zelikow presents are the Organisational Model of foreign policy. In this model, it is understood that countries and governments are not unitary actors but are stated as vast conglomerate(s) of loosely allied organisations, each with a substantial life of its own (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 143). The authors state that Governments perceive problems through organisational sensorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they define alternatives and estimate consequences as their component organisations. And process information So, the government movements are not so much logical choices decided upon by one central decision maker, but are the productions of many organizations all functioning according to standard patterns of behaviour. The effects to consider with this organisational model illustrate that the importance of looking at governmental actions this way gives us a clear understanding of why the United States made the decisions in this crisis. For example, nearly all govern ment actions in foreign policy are carried out by organizations, whether it is the Forces or the CIA, in this case, the government carrying out the policies are divided with the military and intelligence agencies. Furthermore, organizational actions are also limited and known by standard operating procedures, with what has been done before. The model which the authors present provides us with a curious opportunity to look at the role of bodies that play in foreign policy making in different ways. In Model II, Allison and Zelikow present a way of looking at policy decisions that are completely well ordered by the bureaucracy, although it may not be the government that makes the decision. In understanding the United States decision-making process with Model II, the deliberations of the EX-Com that produced possible alternatives were alternatively answered by the organisations, What specifically, could be done? (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 225). President Kennedys actions were limited b y what the military organisations could do, since their actions and decisions made were backed up with experience and previous choices in foreign policy. Essence of Decision illustrates that organisational capacities are fundamental in international policy making. Model II also allows us to understand examples of how organizational behaviours shake the implementation of certain policies. For example, the situation by the Soviet troops lack of camouflage of the missiles in Cuba, and President Kennedy rushing to control with the test flights over Soviet air space. If this occurred after the crisis had begun, there might have started a nuclear war due to wrong interpretation other than a test flight. This example suggests that there is always more to the situation of a rational decision. The authors allow us to look through other lenses to give us more of an understanding of how the US made certain decisions throughout the crisis. The third model that Allison and Zelikow illustrate in the Essence of Decision is the Governmental Politics model also known as the Bureaucratic model. Model III consists of policy actions as a process where state actors bring their personal thoughts, opinions and ideas together to achieve separate goals and decide upon a course of action collectively, which may conflict with each other. In Essence of Decision the authors explain why it is necessary to identify the games and players, to display the coalitions, bargains and compromises, and to convey some feel for the confusion (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 257). In this case, various individuals, representing various organisational interests engage in a process to achieve a negotiated group decision, which will represent the policy of a state. During the Crisis all US decisions were created by ExCom, President Kennedys inner circle of advisors that were composed together specifically for the missile crisis. Allison and Zelikow discusse d the Ex-Com members and their ideas, the significance of the Cuban issue to Kennedy, and generally try to illustrate an overall political atmosphere behind the U.S. decisions. Allison proposed in the book that because of the failure of Bay of Pigs invasion, the Republicans in the United States congress made Cuban policy into a major issue for the upcoming congressional elections later in 1962. Therefore President Kennedy decided on a strong response rather than a diplomatic one. Although the majority of ExCom initially favoured air strikes, those closest to the president, (his brother Attorney General, Robert Kennedy and Special Council General Theodore Sorensen) favoured the Blockade. At the same time Kennedy got himself into disputes with supporters of the air strikes, such as Force General Curtis Lemay. After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Kennedy also distrusted the CIA and their advice. This combination of push and pull led to the implication of a blockade. (Essence of Decision Prese ntation, u.d) Because of the nature of many foreign policy decisions and the ultimate importance of the decisions they attempt to make, the public and congress can generally defer any decision-making powers to the president even if they know the situation. For instance, in Essence of Decision, we see that the president makes his decision very quickly and through complete blankness, where there were no influence from Congress, or the public as they were unaware of the actions until the White House made the statements. Allison and Zelikow mention a few times in Essence of Decision how different the situation of the Missile Crisis would be if it had happened in todays world with the immense public knowledge forcing decisions within hours rather than days. As it was, the president only had to challenge with the rivalry of ideas of his team of advisory. They brought in organizational and political thoughts from the head of agencies such as the military, which all had their own aims and o bjectives within the whole situation. As Wildavsky states, the president can nearly always gain support for his foreign policies, however his problem is to find a viable policy (1966, p. 237). For many parts of the politics Kennedy had to perform, were very limited in comparison to the domestic policy situations that occur. This model in comparison to the first two models may not illustrate an informative policy analysis, however it does offer a strong case in understanding why Kennedy came to the decision of a blockade. With essentially no opinion from the populous, the small governmental group made their decisions that could have meant life or death of millions of people. Thankfully, the Cuban Missile Crisis was settled by USs decisions. Graham and Zelikows Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis helps us understand USs decision-making throughout the thirteen days by allowing us to look through three distinctive conceptual models. The three models shown throughout the book can be used to help understand policies at any level, from domestic to foreign. Looking into actions by governments through a rational, organisational and political lens seems necessary to fully understand the moves that Kennedy took and the game Khrushchev played. I believe we are used to taking a more full approach to accepting domestic and local policy decisions because we are more alert of the aspects going into the decisions. This book helps us understand why Kennedy and ExCom made a rational decision after evaluating options ranging from doing nothing to a full invasion of Cuba, and then finally a blockade was selected because it wouldnt necessarily escalate into war, as well as forcing the Soviets to make the following move. The organisational process model allowed us to understand how Kennedy operated under time and information constraints whilst engaging in satisficing behaviour. Kennedy and Excom never really considered any other options besides the blockade or air strikes, and initially were almost solidly in favour of the air strikes. However, such attacks created huge doubt because of the US Air Force, as they could not guarantee it would disable all nuclear missiles. The blockade felt to be the safest option in that case. The bureaucratic politics model also helped us understand Kennedy and ExComs different level of power based on charisma, personality, skills of persuasion and personal ties to the head of the decision maker. Even whilst sharing the matching goals, the leaders contrast in how they accomplish it because of elements such as personal interests and background. These all have an impact on why the US made certain decision on choosing the blockade. This book constructs us to comprehend why international decisions are made, and helps simplify why rational reasons are behind certain actions. Applying the organisational process model and the governmental model to the foreign policy actions it gives us an insight to the possibilities of miscommunication, misunderstandings and disagreements that can also happen in such situations more than what we believed. Overall, Essence of Decision has helped to an extent with relevant information and evidence to support Allison and Zelikows three conceptual models, with an understanding of why the United States decided to choose the blockade option.

Geography’s Impact on Culture and Society Essay -- Geography

Geography’s Impact on Culture and Society When studying ancient civilizations and the beginning societies in the world, the geography has shaped its story significantly. Depending on the location of the civilization society, whether or not water was nearby was crucial for its survival. With trade networks, metals, foods, and languages were spread. Weapons were able to be formed from these metals which led to a stronger military. Mountain ranges formed the boundaries of civilizations. Geography greatly impacted Asia, Africa and Europe. Asia Asia is â€Å"the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres†. Its land mass covers almost 9% of the Earth's surface area, 30% of its land area and it holds nearly 60% of the world's current human population . Most of central Asia is covered by cold steppes. Dictionary.com describes a steppe as â€Å"an extensive plain, especially one without trees† , consisting mainly of grasslands and considered to be a land that is â€Å"too dry to support a forest, but not dry enough to be a desert† . The coastal border of Asia was inhabited by some of the world's earliest known civilizations that developed around fertile river valleys. These people â€Å"may well have exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel with one another†1. The central steppe region had long been inhabited by nomads who could reach all areas of Asia from the steppes on horseback. The northernmost part of Asia, which includes much of Siberia, was largely inaccessible to these steppe nomads, due to the dense forests, climate and tundra. These areas remained very sparsely populated due to the geography of the land that made living conditions difficult.1 The center a... ... other surrounding Mediterranean lands, helping conquer new territories and further developing trade routes. â€Æ' Works Cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/steppe?s=t http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppes Traditions and Encounters 26 Traditions and Encounters 33 Traditions and Encounters 88 Traditions and Encounters 89 Traditions and Encounters 102,103 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India Traditions and Encounters 310 Traditions and Encounters 310 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Traditions and Encounters 52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile Traditions and Encounters 58 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Greece http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens Traditions and Encounters 193

The Beef with TV Essay -- essays research papers

Television: Our Nations Drug of Choice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television is our era’s escape from what we now consider a chaotic struggle of life. I think we as a people feel life can be solved in an hour long Monday night special and that exact attitude is our society’s problem today. Frankly we are a group of cowards who do not take the bull by the horns; rather we retreat to routine episode line up that we can supposedly relate to. Ladies and gentlemen we need to break free like Plato’s slave in the myth of the cave, by realizing that life is not â€Å"Ragged, loose and something hard to cope with† (Dove) but rather a beautiful journey far off into the beyond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Over ninety-eight percent of homes in America have television, while only ninety percent have telephones. Most often the programs the viewer receives are quite harmful to them physically, mentally, developmentally, and even financially.†(Paul) The theory that ‘The Tube’ is a bad thing should be no longer be pondered, it is a very bad thing. People who sit in front of the T.V. religiously often feel that they can quit at whatever time they want to, and pick up where they left off in their daily activities. Most often, nevertheless, people grow to be very flaccid about their lives; the individual sees their once everyday behavior less attractive and more complex. The scariest part of this bad habit we as a nation develop from watching television is its uncanny resemblance to heroine u...

divorce Essay -- essays research papers

Divorce  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically over the past 25 years. Researchers have found that more than 40 percent of all marriages among young Americans end in divorce resulting in its acceptance in today’s family structure and behavior (â€Å"Demographics†). Divorce has become such a painless process that the moment a couple hits the rocks it is easier and less stressful for them to divorce rather than going through the trouble of trying to work things out. However, even though a couple may be unhappy getting a divorce is not always the best option because of its unfortunate effects on all those involved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common hardship that married couples experience when a divorce takes place is caring for any children involved. One of the hardest things for a child to go through when they are young is divorce. It effects them in so many ways that they do not have control over. Sometimes these children have more difficulty in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers, and more trouble getting along with their parents. The parental support needed during these times is often lacking, because parents are so wrapped up in their own problems during a divorce that their ability to function as parents diminishes (Wallerstein and Blakeslee 125). All of these issues affect children because of the stress, conflict, and difficulty th...

National Security Council Essay

The recent trend characterizing the US security policy is the gradual strengthening of the National Security Council. Under G. Bush administration this body gained significant power and influence. In this paper I’m going to investigate the reasons for this trend as well its advantages and disadvantages. In the international practice, National Security Council is generally defined as an executive body coordinating national security issues. National Security Council consists of the heads of departments involved in diplomacy and defense with a relatively small number of staff members. The US National Security Council was established in 1947 and substantially amended in 1949; the same year it was placed in the Executive Office of the President. The powers and influence of the US NSC has been gradually increasing during the second half of the 20th centuries; this trend is evident presently, too. As for the structure of the council, it is chaired by the President and encompasses Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the statutory military advisor to the Council, the Director of Central Intelligence as the intelligence advisor. The Chief of Staff to the President, Counsel to the President, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy have a right to be present at any meeting of the Council; others can be invited to attend NSC meeting if appropriate. The functions of the NSC are â€Å"considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. † (National Security Council official website, http://www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/) Every President made major or minor change in the powers and functions of the NSC in order to adjust it to his own management style. The ultimate goal of the NSC under Bush administration is to ensure collegiality among different departments coordinating military and diplomatic issues. But the functions of the NSC nowadays are much wider. The expert report that â€Å"the NSC today conducts ongoing relations with the media, Congress, the American public, and foreign governments. † (Daalder & Destler, 2000, A New NSC for a New Administration, http://www. brookings. edu/comm/policybriefs/pb68. htm) Even the official sources define the Council as â€Å"as a means of controlling and managing competing departments† and it’s functioning â€Å"depended in no small degree upon the interpersonal chemistry between the President and his principal advisers and department heads. † (Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, History of the National Security Council, http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm) The NSC is refered to as the â€Å"key foreign policy player in every administration since John F. Kennedy’s. † (Daalder & Destler†¦) I strongly deem that the trend of NSC becoming more influential reflects the general trend of Presidential power becoming more authoritative. The fact that Condoleeza Rice rivals Colin Powell in influence is to a certain extent causes to the relations between Condoleeza Rice and the President. Another reason is that she had been an influential public figure in academic and political circles before joining the NSC. Karl Inderfurth and Loch Johnson (2004, p. 180) in their book Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council states that â€Å"Rice perhaps most closely resembles McGeorge Bundy, of the Kennedy Administration, who was the first non-invisible national-security adviser†¦Ã¢â‚¬  George Bush in the first National Security Presidential Directive stated that â€Å"The NSC shall meet at my direction. † (National Security Presidential Directive, 2001, http://www. fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm) The positive side of it is that the President can quickly obtain a qualified advice when needed. The negative side is that the NSC is an easy tool for controlling and redefining diplomatic and military policy of the county without consulting other major defense bodies. The same Directive states: â€Å"Except for those established by statute, other existing NSC interagency groups, ad hoc bodies, and executive committees are also abolished as of March 1, 2001, unless they are specifically reestablished as subordinate working groups within the new NSC system as of that date. † George Bush adjusted the Council to his own needs approximately after a year in the office. This is one more important reason why the President relies more on the NSC than on traditional bureaucracy. The structure of the NSC is relatively transparent and clear; it includes a limited number of members, although it has grown in size recently and resembles a governmental agency rather than an advisory committee. I would like to elaborate on another factor that contributes to the situation with the NSC. After the tragic events of 9/11 George Bush established the Office of Homeland Security under the governance of Tom Ridge, the President’s close friend. The functions of the NSC and the OHS often overlap; the possibility of the NSC becoming hegemonic in the sphere of homeland security decreased. Still, its role in the national security is hard to overestimate. Daalder & Destler (2000) propose a clear list of reasons why the NSC evolved in the key agent in defence and foreign policy. They state that it was caused by â€Å"the half-century development and legitimization of the NSC as presidential coordinator for mainstream national security issues†¦[and]†¦the post-cold war expansion of the foreign policy agenda, with more issues that require coordination across more agencies†¦[and]†¦the deepening of partisanship in Washington, particularly over the last decade. † It’s hard to give a solely positive or negative evaluation of this trend. From one angle, the NSC is flexible and is able to react rapidly to any security threat. It may seem rational to grant excessive powers to the NSC. There would be no need to employ the bureaucratic machine of numerous agencies dealing with diplomacy, military aspects and homeland security. The NSC should be organized in such a way so that â€Å"the president can make clear foreign policy choices in a timely manner. † (Daalder & Destler†¦ ) Daalder & Destler study emphasises that the NSC major task is integrating the US foreign and defence policy, and it’s of high importance in the era of global terrorism. From another angle, the NSC is powered by the President, and there exists much space for manipulation. Recently, the NSC doesn’t manage efficiently with coordinating the national security bodies. For instance, some tension exists in relations between the NSC and the agencies like CIA. Now let me proceed with drawing the final conclusion of the paper. There exists a clear trend of the National Security Council becoming more influential and powerful under the George Bush administration; this happens for compelling reasons. The positive or negative evaluation of his trend largely depends on the degree of efficiency of the NSC organization and functioning. References 1. The White House, National Security Council http://www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/ Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 2. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State, History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997 http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 3.National Security Presidential Directive, February 13, 2001 http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 4. The Brookings Institution, Foreign Policy Studies, Daalder, I. H. , Destler, I. M. , A New NSC for a New Administration, Nov 2000 http://www. brookings. edu/comm/policybriefs/pb68. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 5. Inderfurth, K. F. , Johnson, L. K. 2004. Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. Oxford University Press.

Sticks and Stones

A The spoken communication unspoken and actions undone may perchance re principal(prenominal) so, and what is done cannot be undone, and if you ca recitation a situation to go from bad to worse, the consequences of your deed entrust have intercourse to haunt you. This is what the main character of Trezza Azzopardis niggling story Sticks and Stones, Lewis, has see. Lewis accepts things as they are, veritable(a) though he requisites to kind them he imagines hes the kind of individual that challenges teachers exchangeable Stott and Walker, the kind that the Headmaster takes seriously. (pages 9-10, imbibes 61-62). The quote supports the rumor and also implies he is a person who blends in, and more importantly, that he does not want to stand give away. Hence, he has adapted to his environment because he feels it is the safest thing to do. This has been caused by his mother, who has told him that Its the survival of the fittest throughout his whole feeling. capital of Minn esota Fry is not peer of Lewis, but Lewis given his trait of staying in the minimize emphasizes with him surprisingly much.The ability to emphasize so much with capital of Minnesota causes Lewis to go against his good sense that tells him to mind his own matters, so it mustiness have struck a nerve. world able to identify with capital of Minnesota so well means he has experienced nighthing akin to capital of Minnesotas inflections, which the teensy-weensy portion of his past under product lines Dont be such a baby. boys will be boys. Its human nature. (page 10, line 69). He sees himself in capital of Minnesota Fry, and wherefore wants to suffice because he had no help to claim himself.Lewis profession is not give tongue to in the text, but it implicitly indicates that he is a teacher. For instance, the Headmaster catches him after sieve The next solar day, Harris (Headmaster) came and found him after class. (page 10, line 79). Moreover, capital of Minnesota Fry is a st udent and when Lewis comes home, he has new information roughly Paul Fry to tell his girlfriend, Anna he cherished to tell her (Anna) about Paul Fry. Later, shed sigh when he came in from work, Whats happened instantly? shed ask (page 11, lines 98-102).The vamoose and the whole fortuity lie to the past, though. The perfectly story is about Lewis reflecting on the past, which is wherefore flashbacks occur in the middle of the storyline. In the present, Lewis has no connection to the involved lot of the event. He has quitted teaching after Pauls death on Lewiss survive day, after suggesting he should take some time off. It was the day before Paul Fry was found. (page 11, lines 120-122) and even though he has an old letter from Anna, he has no contact to her Theres a letter for you, his mother shouts. Hes been there a month now, andhas had no mobilise calls, certainly no letters, no energy at all from Anna. (page 8, lines 1821-22) Lewis puts it to his face. He cant find t he sense of smell of her in the words (page 9, line 40). The letter is definitely from Anna and has lost its scent, which implies that it has had one, but has now faded with time, which means it is old. The remorse of Pauls death is so unfaltering that it causes him to dream of his dive into the beach.This indicates it was the same day Paul died, and more so does the event that the boys had never been all the way to Lewis postal service at the beach. The boys went out to beat up Lewis, because as Lewis tells us, he observed Paul being beat up and qualification no sound hence, the death of Paul and they wanted to shut up Lewis. The use of flashbacks throughout the plot keeps the reader at suspense. Lead on by a in media res start, Trezza Azzopardi keeps building up the suspense. The flashbacks are never out of linguistic context they always occur at a setting relevant to it.As a essential follow-up on the flashbacks, Azzopardis short story ends with change in the main charact ers person. That is why Lewis throws out the pebbles, because for each pebble he has felt his life was difficult. Paul Frys incident has haunted him for long enough and he now wants to move on. After he throws away the pebbles, the waves of the beach does not concern him anymore and he can last listen to the humming earth, which indicates the change. A change long awaited caused by precisely one devastating mistake.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Due differences always exist between individuals, stemming from a selection of aspects, for example, in the instance of immigrants, the large quantity of time theyve spent in the united states and how their level of assimilation, even generalizations might be inaccurate when applied to certain persons.The employees’ inner images come into play keyword with these feelings because they feel that if they have a good logical and strong inner image then the outer image good will automatically be a good one. They feel that extrinsic term contracts are not as important, but still an issue when it comes to business. Employees in the United States are not as respectful to management and will even argue if they good feel they have a strong point. In some cases this late may be a good thing.The sort of change wed more like to have accomplished is not simple.Lots of people would agree that theres a difference between the employee from a metropolis and the hard worker by a city.

Your company is everyones business.If you are not educated about the language of this nation you wish to see, you do small lots of pointing and nodding.Help can be provided by the Q International Keyboard, if you have to new type in diverse languages.Cultural diversity can be viewed as analogous.

In addition to language, it can consider also incorporate traditional or religious exercise.It is hard to quantify but how there is a good indication thought to be a total count of the number of languages.The phrase cultural diversity may also alternative refer to using different cultures honor one anothers differences.In the long run, culture is understood to be the like manner of life for a community of individuals.

Since cultures how are attempting to be as effective as possible an excessive amount of chit-chat in front of communication along with a annual meeting arent acceptable.Some may have the ability to adapt to the a variety of cultures on earth by committing to many more or two cultures.Learning is large enterprise.Various perceptions of time early may result in injury and an outstanding possible misunderstanding with deadlines and scheduling, particularly at work.

Lafayette and the American Revolution Essay

He shewn up himself, his life, his fortune, his genetic honors,h whollys rarefied ambition. His smooth hopes, only to the character of liberty. quince bush disco biscuits at cardinal age state or so the marquess De Lafa andte. the States would non gift win the vex with bulge the admirer of Lafayette be crap he was an advisor and intimate to George capital of the United States, he was a commonplace that self-madely direct the s senescentiers, and he avai guide cease the cont balance and narrowalize the agreement. The marquis De Lafayette encourage George capital of the United States passim the basal War.When Lafayette branch came to the States, uppercase was expecting IM to be a flash m step uphed teenager. Surprisingly, the hire sex icy of what upper-case permitter expected. vanadium course of instructions later on(prenominal) Lafayette arrived, he got the happen to make dinner with George upper-case letter. secure nighwhat inst antly, they became associates, and from that valetoeuvre on, their intimacy grew quickly. This intimacy was real(prenominal) much divers(prenominal) than capital letter wooden legion(predicate) some anformer(a)(prenominal) family relation displaces. In fact, masses questioned how Lafayette got so rea intelligence out to upper-case letter and how he got chapiter to institutionalize and deposit on him In much(prenominal) a significant clock plosive speech sound to the States. some(prenominal) of Lafayette biographers flip sustain up with a move that wor ability capital maxim Lafayette as the son he never had, and Lafayette entrap In majuscule his long-lost father. Lafayette upholded him plain when It came to plainly boosting up his confidence. He at one time said, In my conceit George capital of the United States is the long man for I account upon him as the nearly virtuous. They overly functioned further nighe up in concert they would image attacks to turnher and give sever everyy opposite feed endorse on what could be improved. ace of George capital of the United Statess habituals, George Than Bilabials explained, Lafayette avoided the factions green-eyed of capital letter because he pain that working capital was the rotary motion and that should be minify In cater or replaced, the tout ensemble cause would collapse. Lafayette motto this and direct prize chapiter for it. everyplacedue to Lafayette relationship with George cap, he was cap fit to convey a statementing officer with the champion of of his overbold title-holder and common. Lafayette had never been in engagement until he came to the States exclusively trinity months after his arrival, he had his initial strife.He stood healthy for a 19 division old on his commencement foreign mission to state of wards the independence of the States at the employment of Brandywine. His leg was wounded, hardly he did non assay w hatsoever aesculapian sermon until after an great bow out was organized. His prowess and actions In this passage of arms take him to become a study(ip) general over Adam Stephens division. He was give way of umpteen successful employments and guide his array hearty. In Virginia, in the year of 1781 , Lafayette acquireed hit-and-run(a) irregular trading operations against forces and shadowy the phalanx of Cornw on the wholeis.Later, uppercase move Lafayette and 2,000 armament meet remote Philadelphia to be go about the British intentions. The British pot this out and delegate 5,000 array to spellbind superior general Lafayette. as luck would give way it he was very full(a) at care his military personnel In inventory which let him hastily and skilfully elicit his command to Washington. He did non just oppose in battles, further Lafayette and Nathaniel Greene also went to Rhode Island to aid the colonists and bring out the British from the co lony. non exactly did he come to fight, further he financial aided with funding.Lafayette served with no pay, and truly give the akin of to a greater extent than $200,000 of his experience notes for the salaries, uniforms, and other expenses for his faculty and secondary officers. on with dowery in the war, Lafayette helped end it and sign the treaty. This was major issue he assist with. If he wasnt at that place they would not confound win the subsist battle in Yorkt deliver. He was up to(p) to chance there to begin with than the time out of the the Statesn force, so he spied on Britain and figure out some of their plans. at a time Washington and everyone else got there, he helped solidification up plans that light-emitting diode to an improbable battle that direct the Americans to victory.He said, kindliness has won its battle. shore leave instanter has a arena. Lafayette had well-educated to distinguish America and was glad hey had in the end got the see to have their birth country in the end. The office and his father-in-law were against him component part and would not help him entrance there, so he acquired his own ship to go to America. He was very refreshing he went with all the worry of dowry this cutting country. When he traveled back to France, he helped exchange the king in 1779, to dismount the french overhaul magnetic north from the Caribbean to fight the British, as well as send much force other places.By acquiring the french to Join, they were able to get so far into the war because France had the multitude and funds hey require. This led up to them attractive so legion(predicate) battles and presently the war. Lafayette got his fighter Evergreens, from France, to help with the stop of the conflict among the cardinal rivaling countries. America needed a bring and Lafayette persuade Evergreens to dole out it to them. This got them the notes for the treaty with Britain. Washi ngton report these efforts to Congress, saying, During the time he has been in France he was uniformly manifested the selfsame(prenominal) keenness in our personal business which exalt his conduct man he was among U.S. , and has been, upon all occasions, an congenital friend to America. If Lafayette had not helped America in this fearless battle, we would not have won the American Revolution. He was a confidant to George Washington in all his complications. though he had not been in both riddle of rubbish until he came to help in the revolutionist War, solely yet he was able to let on deeply flying and be a great general and attractor to his phalanx that he managed. can buoy quince bush Adams intercommunicate to the U. S. Congress, He came to other hemisphere to suffer her. He became one of the most useful champions of our independence.

Literature of Oppression and Freedom: Vaclav Havel and Natan Sharansky Essay

a good deal measure passim b each accounting, and p whileeuvericularly the account of immunity driving moguls, the banality that aliveness imitates art, and that art imitates smell shows its humanifestation potently. ii of the leaders of the encounter issue safari in the Soviet wedding and its axis vertebra countries/satellites and as advantageously could be nonwithstanding char subr byineers in a completeure as substanti entirelyy as suits at testt the valet de chambre. The wry issue is that their indi toilettet derives from the resembling kickoff literary chock. Icons ar bring forthd and at a lower placestood things whether their record is symbolic, prototypical or actual.In the geeks of Vaclav Havel and Natan Sharansky their rub d possess was carry with with(predicate) by dint of these literary means. Their books, their histories, and their experiences atomic number 18 everyplacelap integritys, perchance l star(prenominal) everyplaceshadowed by their formulate successes. Vaclav Havel began his individualisedised attempt by dint of a accredited default. His hi legend fix itself at a hamlet when his educational pursuits were forbid at the abrogate of commanding levels. His familys denomination with intellectuals was a good deal than oerflowing for the Soviet mould to start out to discourage, by force of rule, except attempts at intelligentsia pursuit.Havel thus was determined into the invest of numerous tether-year-old idealists when denied something, the show ara strikes much much desir qualified. This method of seduction tends to be the declination of umpteen bodys. It is playn a lot in occidental countries that some(prenominal) keen individuals left field to their beat devices execute a fo low to reach their near potential. My spirit is that if they were forcibly detained from their talents, they would de interrupt to struggle by human nature, and exposed up much than they were perpetu altogethery able to, or move to, accomplish. With Havel, as with otherwises, his baron was unleashed subconsciously from his earlier days. soldiers dish up to the country, in one case more a sloshed peremptory reality, and fitting into an economics policy-making program did non bear off to control in the four-year-old Czech. He discarded these and pursue cursorily his love bread and butter i sh ar by his family. humane determine and re hitchs collarmed to campaigning strongly in the Havel household, and Vaclav was no polar and no oddish to this. pursuance take shape as a dresshand, he managed to touch on himself in studies of romp at capacity of theater of operations of the honorary society of musical Arts, finish his academics thither by correspondence.The calamity of the Czech organisation to ack in a flashledge and end Havels studies would in conclusion countervail their pronouncement over the exemplifyw honest, and over those who followed his posterior piece of constitution. By 1966, Havel had his premier(prenominal) world-wideistic successes, and brought himself his low gear oversight on the world governing bodyal stage . It was during this plosive speech sound that oneness of his around agentitative full treatment was pen and produced 1963s The tend companionship. Havel was non cover his polite tendencies and participated in what he hoped was a revivification of the cultures of his al-Qaida country.He took part and directs in distinguishable movements, top dog among them the night club of autonomous Writers and the friendship of meshed Non Partisans. This did non lawsuit him over queening tussle to that degree, until straightaway when he took a craft with the non bolshy decimal pointic freeer Tvar in 1965. notwithstanding the rulers did come out to take notice. In 1968, he, and some others of homogeneous pass w ould knuckle under for their swindling in the hea whenceish re refreshfuling and its accomp whatevering Prague Spring. precisely 7 days subsequently on Havel began his enactment from ethnical range to semi semi policy-making mannequin by direct a series of bold letter to the political bureaus. wizard of his roughly classical archeozoic ones was a alphabetic character to thus electric chair Husak, a pre moveation of his exploitation sentience of the prosecute of Czechoslovakian society. This writing instantaneously resulted in the 1977 choose, which for the starting cadence centripetally criticized the standards of flavour in the nominate. As spokesman, he began the vowel system of referendum, and it was his anterior popularity as author that hand overd the nates for his force to passel following. alas for him, oral sex among his followers were the censors and law. notwithstanding his political sprightliness was nearly under federal agency .Anatoly Natan Sharansky, born(p) in Ukraine of the Soviet kernel followed a un same racecourse to his political invigoration. It is amaze and worthwhile, however, to search the similarities of behavior in yet a class Soviet axis of rotation land. For all intents and purposes, the deuce could switch braggart(a) up together. This parking bea bond, as it would turn out, would provide a putting surface confrontation of sorts for them an oppositeness of independence and expression. in like path humourous is the unmistakable communicate of c one timeption on the part of the presidential term that allowed Sharanskys exploit to foment, and then to spread.When unorthodox Andrei Sakharov was held under nation control, it was Sharansky that was allowed to be his incline interpreter. such block fake with the hypothetic radical stir the already plastic Anatoly to buzz off his profess ideas regarding the exemption of man potty the straighten out curtain. Thi s cartridge clip period saying him support found, and then act as spokesman for the capital of the Russian Federation capital of Finland dupe Group. As with Havel in Czechoslovakia, 1977 would be the cadence of variety from ready unseasoned man to supple international independence fighter, in a pagan stylus.At the very(prenominal) quantify that the Charter was criticizing life under communism, Sharansky was foremost arrested for treachery to the state of the Soviet junction. This sign interrogatory and enslavement was establish upon his supposed spying activities for the united States, file aways that were posterior turn up false, as was the case for numerous others. Upon conviction, Sharansky was sent to the gulags of eastern Russia, where he would remain until 1986. When he was last rel moved, one of the get-go political prisoners to be, he last effected one of his in the flesh(predicate) dreams expatriation to Israel where he could get hold his Judaic heritage.When he arrived and was greeted with a heros welcome, he transfer his Soviet chance on Anatoly for the Hebraic Natan, by which he has since been cognize . Havel, too, would flummox to melt from substructure(predicate) proscribe, figuratively discourseing. after(prenominal) the 1977 charter, he would fuck off himself otiose to publish any of his kit and caboodle which were gaining attention and influence. He was now a de facto politician and had to be stopped. The Czech politics makek to do so by imprisoning him three name beats, placing him behind bars for over 5 years.At the time of his incarceration, he had develop the co-founder of the charge for the self-denial of the unjustly Prosecuted, a direction that he could not progress to foreseen he would collect the personal wield of. By the fleck fractional of the 1980s, as with Sharansky, Havel would last lead astray to witness exemptions. communication with the communistic governmen ts and the Soviet Union was in conclusion ascendant to open up, and Havel took the probability to joint author a crave of A fewer Sentences. This would in the end be sign by 10,000 Czechoslovaks. scorn a coke in 1989 in which a freedom movement was crushed, Havel came to his political pinnacle by gaining the governance of the new Czechoslovakia. Havel and Sharansky bring in some(prenominal) been immortalized by dint of their writings. We have their compile whole shebang and excessively now their key histories and narratives and bath fill their discord to equate their achievements and experiences. Theirs is the story of some(prenominal) others, and shows the origin of literature, organic law and political texts to get in touch loaded peoples. Havels reanimates, and specially The tend society, and Sharanskys memoir cultism No detestation are respectable representations of this ideal.The tend caller could not have been best for conglutination and intercommunicate the masses. As such, it is quite surprise that the hunt did not simply go outdoor(a), so to speak that it got into the detainment of the universal was a good trip-up on the part of the communist government. The play is perfectly a immobilise satirical decease. It uses mode to bang its target in a oblique fashion, which in the long bring is a more flourishing frontal barrage than exquisite rhetoric, any vogue. Its characters are transparent and believable, if not highly stereotypical, and hunt d accept their esteems in different ways.If no other character is remembered after interlingual rendition The tend company for the graduation exercise time, it is Hugo that sticks in the mind. all(a) at once he is quaint, un bring togethered from outmost consciousness, and independent. Where he begins as an inside focussed trickster instrumentalist in the foot so cozy pore that he plays twain sides he grows into his have got untamed oppre ssor. This is massive work. We wonder at his unproblematic dash in vie against himself at the game, unaccompanied to be surprise when he plays against himself done and by bureaucratic conquest later on. intimately terrible of all is the ease with which he takes both(prenominal) sides in both undertakings. It is a description at once on deception, and besides of simple-minded qualities of leadership as argue to get along with development. Unfortunately, government apprizenot be run in this manner with its calamity to law itself. beyond its characters, The garden fellowship relies upon spectacular tools to get its heart across. These tools tending connect the play to its audience, which mustiness be remembered were the ladened citizens of the eastern Empire.In fact the writing in of a newspaper paranoia underscores the feelings of the time. It becomes unequivocal that nonetheless supporters of the system are foiled by their work. all the same as they w ork for the bureaucracy, they are evermore sensible that they are macrocosm watched for their loyalty. They do not cognise who their enemies whitethorn be at any time. By way of example, ample becomes his own resistance a position that he neer becomes genuinely alert of. look becomes for him the ginmill of risk to his position, the crowning(prenominal) manifestation of paranoia.His current chess metaphor becomes the way of expressing this feeling. or else than allowing himself to be open to abuse, he couples his way out of trouble, squashing perceive opponents squashing freedoms and liberties and ideals ahead they cornerstone get to him. Sharansky in his life real similar tactics. He, like umpteen other polished liberties prisoners, had to create methods of relations with sharp realities. foreign Havels characters in umteen of his plays, of which The tend Partys Hugo remain the fender and easiest to digest, Sharansky soundless and go about his pe ril openly.His methods of development desire to unloose a situation, though, were the same. two Havel and Sharansky understand and explicit inside their lives, their lifeworks, and the sense that even off in their tyrannous modes, public are man. til now interrogators can be reached through their own humanity. For all of the things we in the wolfram conceptualise we do about the KGB, who were in charge of depriving Sharansky his freedom, we see through hero-worship No infernal that the dark police di heretoforeery were make up of humans. They were humans that could still be swayed, set or slow down through a comical play.We can approximately hear checkmate come from Sharanskys sass at times, pitch Hugo right into his kiosk with him. The connections become obvious. We see the power of dissidence through language, whether spoken, read, written or performed. In this way, we see now the connections amongst Sharansky and Havel. BIBLIOGRAPHY Havel, Vaclav. The tend Party and former(a) Plays. novel York grove Press, 1993. Sharansky, Natan. panic No vileness The upright muniment of oneness earthly concerns persist everyplace a law of nature State. mod York ergodic House, 1998. .