The Human Genome Project :: essays research papers

Marshall, Elizabeth L. The Human Genome Project Cracking The Code Within Us. New York, New York Franklin Watts, 1996. 1-128.Elizabeth L. Marshall was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She grew up in areas of southern California, and in parts of New York City. She lives in Columbus, Ohio, and is currently married and has two daughters. She attended and graduated from the University of Virginia with a B.A. in English. She then graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a Master of finely Arts degree in fictional writing. She has worked form some(prenominal) scientific journals and magazines and is a member of the National Association of Science Writers. She has also written several well known books including Conquering Infertility Medical Challenges and Moral Dilemmas, and High-Tech Harvest.I chose this book because it seemed like an interesting topic, and because I thought it might support me understand more things about DNA. Someone else who read it said that it had a lot to do with the things we covered in class too so I figured it would be as good a choice as any.This book is about the amazing task of mapping and showing all the sequences of the thousands and thousands of genes in the human body. The book is split up into nine chapters each of which covers a different aspect of this incredible project. The book tells all about almost all(prenominal) aspect of the project. It tells all about the project and what the point is, what has been accomplished so far, and when they expect it to be finished. According to the introduction the project is actually expected to be finished sometime this year.The first chapter starts off with the basic structure of DNA and describes how the base pairing of each nucleotide creates each amino acid, which when all stray together create a strand of DNA. It also gives an idea of who is working on the project. She lists several major cities where the project is being worked on and then goes on to explain how between all these different teams, who are all working on some different aspect of the project, there are also anywhere from 200 to 400 other smaller teams all around the country working on it. The next chapter is about chromosome 18, and how a slight mistake in it can cause things like mental retardation and deafness, and what they are trying to do to help stop or fix chromosome 18 deletion syndrome.

Television Talk Shows Essay -- Entertainment Papers

idiot box ripple Shows The United States longest running program is actually a news/talk put down called conform to the call down. It began as a radio program in 1945, and had little changes when it was aired on NBC for the head start half-hour television broadcast in November 1947. Meet the Press May have been the first talk show to be shown on television, but it wasnt the first regularly scheduled talk show. Sylvester Weaver produced the first regularly programmed talk show called Broadway hold House from May 1950 to August 1951. Two Veteran Jerry Lester and Morey Amsterdam, who were stand up comedians, shared the hosting duties for this talk/variety program. Broadway Open House was a mixture of routines, singing, dancing and comedy, which would start a trend of new talk shows to soon follow. The Tonight Show staring Johnny Carson, which premiered October 1, 1962, was one of those shows that followed Broadway Open House. With Johnnys little competition, appearin g on his show became one of the first big breaks for many upcoming stars on the road of fame and fortune. His show became so big that Johnny negotiated a deal with NBC to give him 2 million dollars per year, while his taping schedule included twelve weeks of four shows weekly, twenty-five weeks of only three shows a week, and fifteen weeks of vacation. Some of the stars that made got their start on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson were people like Jerry Seinfield, Roseanne, and Gary Shandling. When Johnny Carson dogged to retire, his show was given to comedian Jay Leno, making The Tonight Show one of the greatest and longest running shows ever. Early Morning Talk Shows A distinctive morning for most Americans consists of eating a hearty breakfast, drin... ...9.htm Larry King Live Retrieved October 29, 2001 from the World Wide Webhttp//www.cnn.com/larryking Scott, Gini, Graham. (1996) Can we Talk? The Power and Influence of Talk Shows. NewYork Plenum Press. Survey. R eason for Watching Talk Shows. Nov. 1, 2001. Survey. Talk Shows Watched by Students. Nov.1 2001. Studios USA(2001). Report Maury Povich. Nov. 1, 2001. Retrieved from the WorldWide Webhttp//www.studiosusa.com/maury/html. The Rosie ODonnell Show. Oct. 20, 2001. Retrieved from the World Wide Web http//ytv.yahoo.com/fc/ytv/rosie_o_donnell_show. Tolson, Andrew. (Eds.). (2001). Television Talk Shows. New Jersey, MahwahLawrence Erlbaum. T.V. Talk Shows( 2001). Report Research on T.V. Talk Shows. Oct. 18, 2001. Retrieved from the World Wide Web http//www.Missouri.edu/advcf/tv-talk-shows.html.

Ernesto Guevara :: essays research papers

Ernesto Guevara     Ernesto Guevara was born in l928. When he was two, he moved to Cordoba,Spain, because of asthma. As a young child, Guevara became interested inreading Marx, Engels, and Freud found in his fathers library. As he grew up,he watched the Spanish refugees from the Spanish Civil War fight against thefascist dictator, Francisco Franco. Mr. Guevara was influenced by the war andrefugees. He began to hate military politicians, the U.S. dollar, andparliamentary democracy. Ernestos parents were both anti Franco activists.     In Buenos Aires, Mr. Guevara went to aesculapian exam school. He graduated inl953. after several years, Ernesto went to Guatemala writing articles on theInca and Myan ruins. During his endure in Guatemala, he had the chance to becomea government medical personnel. He refused this chance because he did not wantto join the Communist party. in that locationfore, he was penniless for a number of years.Shortly ther eafter, Guevara met one of Fidel Castros lieutenants with whom hefled to Mexico City.     In Mexico City, he also met Fidel Castro, and his brother Raul. InFidel Castro, he saw a dandy Marxist leader that he was seeking. Guevara joinedCastro followers at a farm where they were training for guerrilla war tactics.The tactics were those first used by Mao Tse-Tung. At this time, ErnestoGuevara first was nick named "Che", which is Italian for pal.     The group invaded Cuba, where Che was commanding officer of the revolutionaryarmy. From and so on, he was known as the most aggressive, clever and prosperedguerrilla officer. He also got the reputation for cold-blooded cruelty. One tenableness for this reputation was because of his orders to mass execute followersof the former Cuban president Batista. There after, Che Guevara was second onlyto Castro in the government of Cuba.     As the years went on, Guevara ran the section of industry for Cuba.The government they formed was communist but very different from the thenRussian government. Ernesto attacked the Russian style of Communism and said"It was tacit collaborator of imperialism." The Russians were not trading onlywith communists and they were not giving under developed countries aid.     After April of l965, Guevara disappeared from the public eye. Castrodropped his association with Guevara because of Ches criticism. Ches plan atthat time was to bring almost Marxism by starting a world-wide revolution. Hewent around the world with forces (120 Cubans). In Congo, they essay toaccomplish one of these revolutions. It fell short when Belgian aid arrived to dish the current government. Che had little help from the rebels of Congo andErnesto Guevara essays research papers Ernesto Guevara     Ernesto Guevara was born in l928. When he was two, he moved to Cordoba,Spain, because of asthma. As a yo ung child, Guevara became interested inreading Marx, Engels, and Freud found in his fathers library. As he grew up,he watched the Spanish refugees from the Spanish Civil War fight against thefascist dictator, Francisco Franco. Mr. Guevara was influenced by the war andrefugees. He began to hate military politicians, the U.S. dollar, andparliamentary democracy. Ernestos parents were both anti Franco activists.     In Buenos Aires, Mr. Guevara went to medical school. He graduated inl953. After several years, Ernesto went to Guatemala writing articles on theInca and Myan ruins. During his stay in Guatemala, he had the chance to becomea government medical personnel. He refused this chance because he did not wantto join the Communist party. Therefore, he was penniless for a number of years.Shortly thereafter, Guevara met one of Fidel Castros lieutenants with whom hefled to Mexico City.     In Mexico City, he also met Fidel Castro, and his brother Ra ul. InFidel Castro, he saw a great Marxist leader that he was seeking. Guevara joinedCastro followers at a farm where they were training for guerrilla war tactics.The tactics were those first used by Mao Tse-Tung. At this time, ErnestoGuevara first was nick named "Che", which is Italian for pal.     The group invaded Cuba, where Che was commander of the revolutionaryarmy. From then on, he was known as the most aggressive, clever and successfulguerrilla officer. He also got the reputation for cold-blooded cruelty. Onereason for this reputation was because of his orders to mass execute followersof the former Cuban president Batista. There after, Che Guevara was second onlyto Castro in the government of Cuba.     As the years went on, Guevara ran the department of industry for Cuba.The government they formed was communist but very different from the thenRussian government. Ernesto attacked the Russian style of Communism and said"It wa s tacit accomplice of imperialism." The Russians were not trading onlywith communists and they were not giving under developed countries aid.     After April of l965, Guevara disappeared from the public eye. Castrodropped his association with Guevara because of Ches criticism. Ches plan atthat time was to bring about Marxism by starting a world-wide revolution. Hewent around the world with forces (120 Cubans). In Congo, they attempted toaccomplish one of these revolutions. It fell short when Belgian aid arrived tohelp the current government. Che had little help from the rebels of Congo and

Want To Be A Canadian? :: essays research papers

Want to be a Canadian?     I have been in Vancouver for one and half year, so I have seen manyCanadians. Since I was asked to write whateverthing based on my experience inVancouver, I am going to tell you some tips to be a Canadian, if youd like to.Eh Put "eh " at the end of sentences, then you will sound like aCanadian no matter how a quick accent you have. However, do not overuse it,because it is sometimes irritating if you do so.     An umbrella Do not use an umbrella. Carrying an umbrella is not cool.Get some rain jacket, especially the one with a hood. Do not laissez passer fast inthe rain. You should put your hood or cap on and walk as if it was not rainingand you did not care the rain. More importantly do not for grab to use a nicesmell shampoo. When your blur gets a little wet, itll release good smell.     Mountain Equipment Coop Do you know where you should get your rainjacket? "Mountain Equipment C oop" is where you should go. Look at our allteachers rain jackets. Do you see any Mountain Equipment Coop jackets? Yeah,everyone is wearing them.     The place to go If you are a teenager, you should go to Lonsdale Quayon spend nights. Many North Van teenagers get together but I dont know whatthey are doing at there.     Americans I guess you know how you should deal with them. humble not tolike them and complain a little bit ab come out them.     University & College Change your major at least 3 times.     Hockey check off it and be able to name at lease three Canucks players.     Coffee Have some coffee in the morning at school or at work and youknow from where.     Summer If its a sunny day, go to a beach and get some suntain.Remember do not get a good suntain. Get some pinky one.     Dinner Have dinner at 600. Do not be surp rised redden if burgers areserved.     Burger Use your B.B.Q.stove outside to grill the burger, I know itlltake more time than just using stove in the kitchen.     Movie Go to watch a movie on Tuesdays and take some food with you.Its expensive in the theatres.     Clothing Wear shorts in winter.     Holloween Go out at Holloween night and threaten lilltle kids to get

Aggressive Behavior Equals Man :: essays research papers

Aggressive Behavior Equals Many RewardsA little boy in eastern Oklahoma is riding a bicycle for the first time, when suddenly he falls to the ground. His father running behind him tells him to get up and not to cry. A little girl from the same city is playing on the playground at school she falls out of the swing and scraps her knee. She cries for hours, while her drive tells her, It will be okay. From the time little boys are young they are taught to be tough, to withstand pain, and not to give in to anything. In todays society males are rewarded for aggressive and intimidating behavior. Intimidation takes place in many aspects of life, even though it is not endlessly caused by aggressive behavior. gymnastic events always seem to reward males for aggressive and intimidating behavior. Football games are a great example of the kinds of rewards males receive for their aggressiveness. Coaches teach their players to be physical and tough, besides two of the essential elements of fo otball are aggressiveness and intimidation. Football is an aggressive sport in many ways a ball carrier must attack the line of scrimmage aggressively, or he will be tackled in the backfield. Defensive players must be aggressive also, so that they can adopt tackles. Basketball is another athletic event that rewards aggressive behavior. Although hoops seems harmless, it is a sport that requires a tremendous amount of aggressive behavior. When I was younger, before basketball game I would always get a pep talk from my dad. He would tell me to be aggressive and to take the ball inside. He always told me to play tough, work hard for rebound, play good defense, and when somebody came into the paint make them pay for it. Our basketball coaches in junior high taught us that when a player came inside the paint, knock them down and next time they would not be as eager to take the ball inside on us. When we would bear witness this behavior we would be rewarded with a pat on the back, a hig h five, and sometimes even a water break. It seems like every time the goggle box is turned on, there are at least three wrestling programs going on at once. At one time, wrestling was on the tv only once a week, but now it is on three or four times a week.

Aggressive Behavior Equals Man :: essays research papers

Aggressive Behavior Equals Many RewardsA little boy in Eastern Oklahoma is riding a bicycle for the first m, when suddenly he falls to the ground. His father running behind him tells him to get up and not to cry. A little girl from the akin city is playing on the playground at school she falls out of the swing and scraps her knee. She cries for hours, while her mother tells her, It will be okay. From the time little boys atomic number 18 young they are taught to be tough, to withstand pain, and not to give in to anything. In todays society males are honored for in-your-face and intimidating behavior. Intimidation takes place in many aspects of life, even though it is not ever so caused by aggressive behavior. Athletic events always seem to reward males for aggressive and intimidating behavior. Football games are a great example of the kinds of rewards males receive for their aggressiveness. Coaches teach their players to be physical and tough, but two of the essential elements of football game are aggressiveness and intimidation. Football is an aggressive sport in many ways a ball carrier must attack the line of scrimmage aggressively, or he will be tackled in the backfield. Defensive players must be aggressive also, so that they can make tackles. Basketball is another athletic event that rewards aggressive behavior. Although basketball seems harmless, it is a sport that requires a tremendous amount of aggressive behavior. When I was younger, before basketball game I would always get a pep talk from my dad. He would tell me to be aggressive and to take the ball inside. He always told me to play tough, work potent for rebound, play good defense, and when somebody came into the paint make them pay for it. Our basketball coaches in junior high taught us that when a player came inside the paint, swath them down and next time they would not be as eager to take the ball inside on us. When we would exhibit this behavior we would be rewarded with a pat on t he back, a high five, and sometimes even a water break. It seems like every time the television is turned on, there are at least three wrestling programs going on at once. At one time, wrestling was on the television only once a week, but now it is on three or four times a week.

Mercantilism vs. Laissez-faire Essay

Mercantilism suggested that a countrys goverment should play an active role in the miserliness by urging more exports than imports, especially through the use of tariffs. A nations wealth, when it comes to commercialism lays in its gold and silver amounts. Many physiocrats of the time opposed mercantilism because they saw it as exploition of business. The government collected substantial fees from guilds, and other groups. Therefore using them for their own profit. The government also restricted economic innovation, and regulated which goods would be made and what regions are to be traded with. This brought out many critics in the aristocratic classes. One of mercantilisms greatest critics was Adam Smith.Adam Smith wrote The man who buys, does not endlessly mean to sell again, but frequently to use or to consume whereas he who sells, always means to buy again. (Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)This fundamentally means that in order to sell , you must regain what youve sold, and will sell again, but those who buy will use what theyve bought. Adam Smith had laissez-faire political orientation which meant that an individuals self-interest is the motor of economic progress. He believed each individual should be free to pursue their economic interests freely, without restriction by the government, which he believed should not disturbance itself with economic affairs.High tariffs, guild restrictions, and mercantilist restraints just obstructed economic activity. Physiocrats who advocated Laissez-faire ideology also believed that agriculture is the sole productive economic activity and promote the improvement of cultivation. Because they considered land to be the sole source of wealth, they urged the adoption of a tax on land as the only economically justifiable tax.So essentially Laissez-faire and mercantilist are completely opposite in the sense that mercantilism is for the government, for restriction and monarchial cont rol, and Laissez-faire is for the individual, the consumer, the masses, the good of the country.

Jane Matilda Bolin

Bolin became the first Black woman to serve as a U. S. Judge. She was the youngest of four children born to Gaius and Matilda Bolin. Her mother, Matilda Emery, was an English immigrant. She died when Jane was altogether eight years old. Her acquire, Gaius Charles Bolin, was an African American and, also, part Native American. G. Charles owned a successful law fare in Poughkeepsie, NY. He was the first African American graduate of William College in Western Massachusetts and he was, also, the first African American of the Dutchess County Bar Association.As a child, Jane often shared passionate conversations with her father virtu completelyy law and his profession. She spent a great deal of time in his law right after naturalise and on weekends. This helped Jane to determine early on that she wanted to follow in her fathers footsteps and become a lawyer. Having lived a sheltered lifestyle, she was further motivated to pursue a law career when she discovered the hardships of Black s in America at that time. She became exposed to this through her fathers involvement in the NAACP and by reading the NAACP bi-monthly magazine, The Crisis.The violence, racism, and prejudice that she uncovered was very much unlike the lifestyle in which she grew up, where her father was respected by both blacks and whites. After graduating from high school at the age of 15, she attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts, where she was one of only two black students. Both students were picked on and embarrassed daily. This became Janes first racism experience. She have in 1928 as one the top 20 graduates in her class. Because she did not receive much support from her professors, she knew what to expect when it was time for seniors to speak to an advisor about career options.Her advisor told her that she would never be able to make it as a black female attorney. However, Jane was determined to attend Yale Law School. Janes father wanted to protect her from the prejudice that he end ured while trying become a lawyer. He tried to persuade her to become a teacher and quicken other young black minds. However, once he learned that she was accepted to Yale Law School, he gave her all of his support. That year she was one of only three women and the only black woman enrolled in Yale. She became the first African American to receive a law degree from Yale.She returned home, passed the New York State Bar exam, and began practicing law in her fathers law firm. In 1933, Jane married Ralph Mizelle. They moved to New York City and opened their own law practice. Jane began a career in populace service in 1937 as an Assistant Corporate Counsel for the City of New York. After two years of serving in this position, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia swore Jane in as the Judge of the Domestic Relations Court (Family Court) on July 22, 1939. This made her the first African American to be the judge of any U.S. court. As a judge, she made several monumental changes. She made it illegal to place individuals with probation officers based on race. She, also, required childcare agencies that received public funds to accept all children, regardless of race. She later founded an integrated center for trouble youth. Jane served as a judge for 40 years. She retired at age 70 in January of 1979. Jane Bolin died on January 8, 2007. She was 98 years-old. Bibliography http//blackhistory. com/cgi-bin/blog. cgi? blog_id=133098&cid=54

Value Management in Construction and Property

BRE 533 honour solicitude in b death and Property Final Report Propose Development of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University arrange 8 Development 30 April 2010 Content Executive Summary Introduction Background to the judge commission study Function of the value c atomic number 18 shop job objectives Value management shop objectives Information class Overview of presentations Q&A of the presentation Function Analysis figure List of functions of FCLU Functional matrix fast(a) plat Creativity Phase List of brainstormed ideas to satisfy selected functions of FCLU paygrade Phase Criteria for military rating of brainstormed ideas List of P1, P2, P3 ideas Weighted military rank technique Development Phase Action innovation unveiling Phase Summary and Conclusion Reflective journals Appendices Appendix A List of roles of participants Appendix B Workshop agenda Appendix C pictorial matter of VM Workshop Executive Summary As Phase 8 festering of Polytechnic University is proceeding actively. To ensure all stakeholders ineluctably were accounted for, a whiz twenty-four hours value management workshop was held at Polytechnic University Room W610 to question the habituate of campus, at no. 5 Wylie course of achieve. Representative of various provoke groupings, presidential term departments and stakeholders were present. The representatives were c ar exuberanty selected by due do by as the success of the value management workshop is dependent upon the input of participants. The workshop followed the Lawrence Miles approach which was widely sure in international standards and all groups, departments and stakeholders frankincense g iodine with all major peaks 1. Pre-workshop Phase namely information soma, 2. Workshop Phase function analytic idea shape, creativity phase, evaluation phase and 3.Post workshop Phase reporting/ growth phase to input young ideas and rule pop both(prenominal) unnecessary functions These lead phases w ere worked by the police squad members in localize to achieve better value for money for FCLU. The information stage of the workshop comprised, in addition to the presentations by participants, a unified question and answer session and a functional depth psychology section, which identified forty atomic number 18as or objectives to be idea deliverd in relation to survival 5 the first ranked option.The idea generation produced which eventual(prenominal)ly were converted into a series of working lists. This included seven programme nonations which represented stakeholders needinesss and were, by consensus, to be included as part of the preliminary concept flesh. A preliminary sagacity of risk associated with the project was on a disappoint floortaken interest the value management process. This will form an introduction to a full risk assessment which will be done when a preferred project is announced.The participants were well(p) acquainted(predicate) with the issues surrounding the project and this step has provided preliminary information for that later During the workshops, all participants puzzle expressed their ideas and all information are recorded by the interactional value management software. To enhance sustainable cultivation concept of whole project scheme, evaluation criteria were identified, defined and rated. These evaluation criteria were applied to each agreed alternatives and were rated on the scale of 1 -10.The idea generation stage of the job purpose produced ideas for the refinement of sustainable design and were developed into action plans which are establish in the body of the report. Introduction 1. 1 Background to the value management study The Phase 8 development is formerly design to be located at former blood line Depot, northwest of the live campus. The anticipated send away in date is at the end of 2012. Upon completion, the development will provide somewhat 25,600m2 net floor area for implementation of t he overbold academic system and other academic development.However, upon completion of the design of Phase 8, the government would manage to gift the lot no. 15 Wylie Path to the PolyU for amplification of the campus. To minimize the occurrence of abortive design, it is intended to relocate the Phase 8 development to no. 15 Wylie Path with additional facilities to ensure fully utilized of the land piece. The Associate Dean of FCLU, requested to conduct a VM workshop for the apprize process of this new project scheme to gain wider public consultation. 1. 2 Function of the value management workshopThe workshop provides the vehicle for bringing together the groups, departments and key stakeholders in a forum which * Maximizes their contri only whenion * Draws on the combined intimacy of people from a variety of disciplines * Takes advantage of group dynamics, rather than relying on input from individuals in closing off and * Helps to bring into perspective the project as a whole, rather than as a collection of independent elements. There base, the number of participants should be actively managed so as to not become unwieldy, while maintaining a wide representative.The list of role of participant is attached in Appendix A. While the workshop should be mighty managed due to time constraint, an agenda is required and is enclosed in Appendix B. 1. 3 Project objectives The objectives of the project are * Expansion of new campus to cope with the new 3+3+4 academic system. * Avoid abortive design due to relocation of Phase 8 development to no. 15 Wylie Path with additional facilities to make full enjoyment of the piece of land. * Facilitate green wind design. * Enhance the concept of sustainable development. Improve the image/reputation of the university. * lowstate impact to the public and adjoining community. 1. 4 Value management workshop objectives The value management workshop objectives are * To provide a forum to discuss the use of the land no. 15 Wyl ie Path to achieve sustain efficiency and value for money. * To discuss the functions of FLCU in order to make adjustment to the former design of Phase 8 for locating at no. 15 Wylie Path. * To determine the additional facilities to be located in no. 15 Wylie Path apart from Phase 8 development. . 5 Workshop strategy The Workshop followed began in the five-stage Job Plan identified in Value circumspection Literature. Information stage The development project workshop began in the room W610 at the PolyU campus where presentations and keynotes speeches provided information on various aspects of development. Analysis stage The rationale behind a Value Management study is that the functions under study are analyzed to determine whether they cigaret be carried out to a greater extent efficiently and cheaply without reducing either role or take away outance.With the tumid number of participants, compendium was not as rigorous as to determine the functions Over lunch in the staff ca nteen in the PolyU of the day of the workshop, we were set a task of identifying key areas of greatness, which were then combined into a workshop-wide list. The necessary functions were determined through asking the participants what was important to them. This was carried out in a rolling approach. First, each participant was asked to think of the important aspect, then discuss them amongst their squad and finally promote them to the whole workshop.Later, a mixture of functions and evaluation markers resulted in the whiteboard. The result was then utilise to direct the germinal thinking and evaluation sessions. creative stage The number and diversity of creative ideas that emerged from the workshop were satisfying, as to be expected from the value management process. Majority of the creative thinking process have run smoothly. Evaluation stage At the end of the creative thinking session, teams were asked to present their ideas. This allowed a certain amount of evaluation to ta ke place before the presentation as teams only presented their best ideas.The further evaluation and development of ideas took place with all the participants in the workshop together. Development stage The workshop ended with an action plan which set out tasks that were required for the ideas brocaded in the workshop to be taken forward. This action plan is seen as an important step to change the workshop from a talking shop to one with a definable outcome. Information Phase Overview of presentations Presentations were carried out in the order of the following functions * Project design teams including architect, building services engineers, landscape architects, etcetera o present their roles, the forthcoming preliminary design, concept of their design and how their design can carry out with the sustainable development goal and the new academic system. * Government departments including Buildings Department, Highways Department, architectural serve Department, etc. to presen t their roles, the current and necessary statutory requirements imposed on the project and the views in terms of government. * End users or associate interested groups including different faculties, student union, planning office, etc. o present their roles, their concerns of the project, their needs and expectations from the project in view of the new academic system. * Potential affirmers including main needor and subcontractors to present their roles, the anticipated planning of works and their expectations in terms of design, waste management and contractual arrangement. Some participants make use of the computer facilities to provide their ideas/expectations through Microsoft Powerpoint slides while the majorities are presented via general speech and causal discussion.The content of the presentations is based on the context of the punctuate papers prepared by all participants. after(prenominal) the general introduction by the facilitator, speakers gave several presentat ions on the major issues surrounding the project. They were as follows Speaker Topic chairman Aim to meet the need for providing the use of the land No. 15 Wylie Path to achieve sustainability and value for money. Consultant architect Review of permissible land use, deliver of preliminaries project design and eccentric of contract procurement. Campus Planning Officer Introduce the preliminaries planned requirement. Associate Dean of FCLU Role of Associate Dean of FCLU knack Management The importance of Facility Management clearance of BSE Sustainability development Head of CSE Role of Head of CSE schoolchild Union Role of Student Union chargescape Architect Project theater director Review of statutory requirement, deliver of preliminaries landscape design concept. Consultant Landscape Architect Review of statutory requirement, deliver of preliminaries landscape design concept. Building Services Consultant Self promotion Fire preventative Engineer The importance of Fire installation Quantity Surveyor Role of QS in the projectLands Department Land Use of Site Architectural Services Department Role of ASD on Public Building Projects Environmental Protection Department Potential Environmental Impacts and temperance Measures Electrical & Mechanical Services Department Monitoring the Quality and Workmanship of Lifts and escalators and Administrate Registers of Registered Electrical Workers (REW) and Contractors (REC) Buildings Department Statutory Standards of Buildings Contractor Time, Cost and Quality Construction Building Sub-contractor sustainable Development and Value for Money Overview of PresentationsThe key points of the presentation listed in the table above are found as follows President President of PolyU presented the aim of this VM workshop and such(prenominal) approach is to meet the need for providing the use of the land No. 15 Wylie Path to achieve sustainability and value for money. The development phase describes how to relocate the Phase 8 development to no. 15 Wylie Path with additional facilities to make full use of the piece of land was briefly conducted. Also, background information about the project had been clearly presented during the VM workshop. The Phase 8 development is proceeding actively.It is originally design to be located at former Livestock Depot, which is in the northwest of the existing campus. The anticipated move in date is at the end of 2012. However, upon completion of the design of Phase 8, the government would like to donate the lot no. 15 Wylie Path to the PolyU for expansion of the campus. So, intent to avoid abortive design, the Associate Dean of FCLU ( might of building and land use) suggested conducting VM workshop for the instruct process of this new project to gain wider public consultation. Consultant Architect Consultant Architect clarified the current land use of the land denoted from overnment and the utensil of the land use change under current statutory requirement. H e similarly presented his preliminaries design of the project including the project scope and nature in conformation with the statutory outline zoning plan. Typical design considerations were excessively reviewed by him and he in any case further adopts various forms of energy efficient features- (a) Water-cooled chillers and evaporative cooling towers (b) Rotary heat wheel for primary air-handling units (c) Demand control of fresh air supply with carbon dioxide sensor (d) Occupancy and daylight sensors for luminance control e) Light-emitting diode (LED) type exit signs and (f) Automatic lighting and airing control for lifts. Finally, the contract procurement by means of design and build contract was recruitd. Campus Planning Officer Campus Planning Officer reviewed the necessaries of shuttle buses between the old and new campus and introduced the overall project development time frame. They alike planned that the development s dormitory provide approximately 25,600m2 GFA for general teaching facilities including lecture theatres and classrooms, teaching and research laboratories, conference facilities, office accommodation and amenities facilities.Associate Dean of FCLU * Associate Dean of the Faculty is responsible for the promotion of whole-person development of undergraduates in the Faculty and is responsible for matters in relation to the development of undergraduate curriculum, including general education, transition to the 4-year normative degree, and outcome-based teaching and learning. * * As the president of HKIVM who initials the use of VM workshop in facilitating with over years experiences of being facilitator in VM workshop.Being a Certified Value Analysts (CVA) recognized by the UK IVM and also the bear witness facilitator (List A) in HKIVM, Associate Dean of the Faculty is utilize to be secretary, editor and vice president of HKIVM. Facility Management Facility Management is the process by which an organization integrates its people , work process and physical assets to serve its strategic objectives. As a discipline, facility management is the science and art of managing this integrative process from working(a) to strategic levels for promoting the competitiveness of organizations.The HKIFM hence recognises Facility Management as both a process and a discipline. It also affirms the integrative approach adopted in Facility Management world-wide and promotes the synergy of effective people and building/ asset management that can enhance a corporations competitiveness. In addition, HKIFM accords Facility Management to the highest professional level whereby facility managers are instrumental in the strategic decision making of an organization. * * Head of BSE As the head of BSE, they would introduce sustainability development.Sustainable development is a pattern of using resource that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only at the present, but also for pr ospective generations. Engineering plays a crucial role to the success of this new technologies and applications. The various aspects of sustainable design have to be considered which consists of enhanced of the physical environment, energy conservation, visual and ring impacts, indoor environmental quality, pee management, solid waste management, operation and maintenance.Energy conservation- There should be integration of architectural design to enhance energy efficiency. Building orientation and building envelope design, including sunshades and glazing should be considered to adopt the overall thermal transfer value and the overall energy approach. Energy consumption display panel can be used as educational facilities to promote awareness of building occupants. Visual and noise impacts- The cultural and heritage values of a building should be well considered in order to reduce the visual impact.The noise impact can also be reduced through building envelope design, provision of noise barriers and introduction of noise prevention measure, etc. Indoor environment quality- Natural ventilation is recommended to use and the indoor air quality can be maintained by specifying materials and products with low volatile organic compound emission as well as by air treatment and filtration. The use of daylight should be maximized while visual privacy from exterior is maintained. Both glare and light defilement should also be minimized. Water management- Reduce, reuse and reuse can be applied.The use of low-flow spray taps with sensor operation can reduce water consumption while being to a greater extent hygienic. Development of biotechnology enables maximizing the recycle of grey water by using micro-organisms. Recycled grey water can be reused for toilet flushing and irrigation of plants. Solid waste management- During the design stage, space should be allocated for the disposal of domestic waste from building occupants and allowed for sorting and storage. The use of prefabricated building construction system and the adoption of re-usable metal or fibreglass formwork are uncorrupted to use.Operation and maintenance- As the design and construction stages of a building is shorter than operation and maintenance stage, sustainable design can save a lot of wasteful alterations and excessive consumption of energy during the life span of a building. A good deterrent lesson can be adequate metering for measurements and performance supervise of the building. Head of CSE As the Head of Department of Civil Services Engineering, they need to prepare a proposal to employ some best academic professions and other supporting staffs, budget, and others auxiliary facilities to our senior management for encomium.And the important role is to implement PolyU Strategic Plan to proceed. * Head of Student Union The Students Union organizes a wide range of activities every year for its members. These include sports, recreational, academic and cultural functions, ra nging from aquatic and athletic meets, students festivals, orientations to Open old age for the public. Union representatives serve as members on a number of University committees, thus maintaining an effective link between the University Management and the student body. Consultant Landscape Architect / Project ManagerConsultant Landscape Architect clarified the procedure about the preparing of master landscape plan compliance with statutory requirements. Typical landscape design considerations were also review by him and he also further adopts various forms of landscape design concept for D&B contractor to follow- 1. Communal discard garden 2. Communal podium garden 3. spurt Planting at all floor balconies 4. Water feature fountain at the main penetration 5. Trees put along the Boundary/Fence mole 6. Lawn at non-accessible public areaBuilding Service Consultant BSE Asiais in a position to offer the benefits of a strong local base with a staff compliment of around 390 within th e region together with the ability to support any major development inAsia with both specialist engineering expertise and technology from an international forum through our group companies. Currently BSE Asia is activelyinvolved in various life-size scaleprojects located in Hong Kong, Mainland China, Philippines, Vietnam and the Middle East. We have extensive experience in most Asian countries.Our experts and engineers have been responsible for large number of landmark infrastructure and building projects throughout Asia. Our clients have been able to take full advantage of our comprehensive regional presence in the knowledge that this can be further supplemented by world class resources from our other world-wide offices. Our range of work sectors covers the whole field of the building environment for the design of large retail scheme, office building, private housing, factories andleisure facilities to the civil engineering of roads, railways, bridges, ports or communication syste ms.Our range of skills covers the whole attention of building and constructionfrom structural and building services design to the civil engineering and the design of environmental management programme ranging from contaminated sites to noise and vibration control. * BSE Asia is confidentto successfully deliver engineering design and implementation of the project due to our extensive experience and knowledge and deep assureing of the local culture in Asia. * Fire Safety Engineer The reliable onrush protection system is very important to safety of the properties and the occupants in a building.The onset services installations, including the clear detection fire scare and fire-fighting systems shall be designed to comply with the regulations of the Fire Services Department as a minimum. A sensitive but reliable early fire warning system and effective fire suppression system is very important to make sure that the fire is detected when it is still in its smouldering stage, to put out or retard the development and spread of the fire and smoke when the fire is still its early stage.On the other hand, the fire detection and alarm system shall be accurate as not to result in high volume of false alarms thus causing undue panic and weighty disturbance to the tenants. The fire alarm system shall be fully interfaced with other building services installations, including electrical, mechanical ventilation and smoke control, emergency announcement, and lift installations, etc. such that the entire services installations will operate as an integrated system in response to the emergency situation.The fire services installation equipment including fire detection, fire alarm and fire fighting system shall be designed to comply with the regulations according to Fire Services Department requirement. Quantity Surveyor Quantity Surveyor introduced their roles in the project and the important of exist planning for project development. Lands Department Lands Department (LD) p resented the administrative procedures and applicable regulations on land use. LD reminds the VM workshop members that the requirements of planning application under Section 16 of the Town Planning Ordinance.LD expressed that she would give corresponding feedback from their enquiry about the issue of land use. They would carry out detail assessment on review, consideration and approval for lease modification. If necessary, LD will incorporate other departments such as Buildings Department and Architectural Services Department for solving pertinent good issues Environmental Protection Department Environmental Protection Department (EPD) presented their role on preparing plans, programmes and legislation for environmental protection and overseeing the conduct of studies, investigation and surveys.They occasion with other government departments, educational and professional institutes, public organizations (such as District Councils) and other private sectors on environmental prot ection task. EPD concerns the construction site environmental and sustainability issue of the Project. Their concern as stated follows 1. Noise Impact & management 2. Air quality impact 3. Waste management 4. Green and Sustainable Buildings 5. Green Procurement and Supply Chain Environmental Management 6. Avoid & Reduce Waste in construction site Electrical and Mechanical Services DepartmentRegarding to the PolyU Phase 8 Development, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) would monitor the quality and workmanship of the lifts and escalators to be installed in the project, by certification system of Lift and Escalator Engineers and worker, providing advisor services of life safety and approving the use of lifts and escalators. EMSD administrate registers of registered electrical workers (REW) and contractors (REC) and monitor their performance. They remind the Contractor shall employ REW and REC to carry out any electrical works in the Project.EMSD reminds all VM worksh op members that all the fixed electrical installation shall be in accordance with the Code of Practice for the electricity (Wiring) Regulation, published by our department. The electrical system shall be registered in the department by form WR1 signed by REW. They would also carry out trace check to these registered electrical systems. During the operation stage, EMSD would perform checking and endorsement of Periodic Test Certificate and inspecting fixed electrical installations in the building.Buildings Department Buildings Department (BD) presented their responsibilities in the workshop is to provide expertise to ensure all proposals for the expansion of Phase 8 Development will meet with all statutory standards, safety and other requirements. In case of any breach of statutory provisions and missing of relevant documents are identified, suggestions will be provided for the project team and other stakeholders allowing revision of design in the initial stage.On the other side, B D expressed the progress of the project. The original layout and design of Phase 8 development is upon completion, all plans are ready to submit for approval by Buildings Department. They are then to advise the project team any foreseeable objections will be raised by other Government Departments regarding the original design and suggest how to re-layout or revise the design not to breach any statutory requirements and in full compliance of Building Ordinance for the expansion development proposal.BD expects that their advice can probably help the project team to minimize the time sp finishing on checking with the compliance of Building Regulations so as to pep pill up the whole project not only in initial stage but also the construction stage as well as the whole process. Contractor One of the potential contractors, Hong Kong First Class Contractor Limited (HKFC), presented their staff arrangement, time, cost, quality, safety and environment management and site layout planning in this phase.HKFC will allocate sufficient competent personnel at head office and site for maintaining the standard of works on site and co-ordination with project stakeholders including clients, consultants and sub-contractors. HKFC provided a proposed master schedule of the project. They shall begin the project commencing from the date for procession in April 2009 and complete the project by March 2012. Based on the tender documents provided by the consultant quantity surveyor, HKFC estimated the tender price is HKD 1,128 million for this projectHKFC expressed that they would adopt ISO 9001 and ISO 14000 international management systems for this project to achieve client requirements and statutory standards. HKFC presented their safety plan for this project specifying that two potential safety risks are identified deep excavation and finishing works at external walls. They have taken electropositive actions to reduce the impacts of those risks including provision of temporary scaf folding and monitoring system. For site layout planning, HKFC pointed out that the site area is sufficient large to locate all facilities.Building Sub-contractor The building sub-contractor, A & G Building Construction Ltd. (A&G), attended this VM workshop and expressed views on this project in respect of waste reduction, buildability enhancement, project procurement system good and construction innovation. A&G recommends several solutions on above issues. For waste reduction, they suggested to solve the occupations in three aspects design, site management and procurement regularity. For buildability enhancement, they recommended to improve the design and site operations.Questions Raised as a Consequence of the information Phase Following the presentation, the VM workshop participants, had the opportunity to ask the relevant questions through a structured process. As the presentations of all participants were able to express the concern and important issues of the project, in tha t respect were no questions raised on the presentations. There was only one debate when end users group presented their ideas on drainage system, the secretary of the workshop had posed a query on the feasible of such idea.The question was satisfactorily solved through the facilitator stimulation and discussion between parties. Function Analysis Phase During the workshop, we learned the concept of function compendium and its use at the strategic briefing stage of a project to derive the projects mission through function diagramming. One of the objectives of the use of function analysis at the strategic briefing stage is to lay the foundation for the best value for money solutions to the project enigmas.The function analysis technique relies upon the discovery of all relevant information through the issue analysis and the structuring of that information in a way that leads to the recognition of the primary objective of the project. There are three stairs to the construction of a fu nction diagram 1) GENERATION OF FUNCTIONS A function is the specific purpose or intended use for a product, it is the characteristic that makes it work, sell, generate revenue, or meet requirements (DellIsola,1982).The generation of functions starts with the facilitator leading the teams to creatively explore the functions required by the project. These functions whitethorn be high order executive functions or relatively low order wants. All functions are explored as an active verb plus a descriptive noun, and are recorded on sticky notes and scattered randomly across the wall mounted white board.. The facilitator was continually prompt the teams to generate functions by referring back to the information from the issue analysis, timeline and REDReSS. A typical list of creatively explored functions is shown in tabulate A ) SORTING OF FUNCTIONS / CONSTRUCTING PROJECT FUNCTION -PRIORITY MATRIX After the completion of the brainstorming session, the teams are invited to sort the notes i nto the more(prenominal) than organized form by move the highest order needs into the top right hand corner of the white board and the lower order wants into the bottom left hand corner. Needs are the fundamental requirements that the project must possess to serve the clients staple fibre intentions and wants are the embellishments which it would be nice to have but are not necessarily needed.The project function priority matrix is constructed from responses gleaned from each sticky notes function as to whether that function is technical or strategic and whether it constitutes a need or a want. The note is transferred to the appropriate box in the matrix where its position is ordered relative to the other function in the box (Table B). The higher(prenominal) priorities are listed at the top of the respective boxes. It should be emphasised to the team that this procedure is an iterative process and one of our team member was entitled to move a previously ordered sticky note.Alt hough this activity gruelings confrontational but there was disagreement to occur and the correct ordering of all the functions were achieved. TABLE A TYPICAL LIST OF CREATIVELY EXPLORED FUNCTIONS FOR THE PHASE 8 DEVELOPMENT 3) CONSTRUCTION OF FUNCTION DIAGRAM A strategic or customer oriented closely diagram is constructed by focusing on the strategic needs and wants The highest order needs tend to form the mission of the project with supporting functions being positioned to the right. The strategic wants tend to be positioned below the centerline of the mission statement.The mission statement will require to be word crafted to make it read as a flowing statement. It is important to have unanimous team agreement that the statement truly reflects the mission of the project, the mission at this stage does not necessarily inculpate a building. TABLE B A PROJECT FUNCTION PRIORITY MATRIX Describe the Function Analysis and how to use this technique? Function analysis as used here is th e process of analyzing the functional, rather than the physical, characteristics of a system. A function may be stated in the form verb,noun.It is an action upon something. eat up food, go to work, and cash paycheck are very important functions in the life of most of us. Akiyama (1991) notes that .. The aim of function analysis is to reveal each of these actions and thus identify the nature of the products and services to which they belong. All products and services are endowed by their creators with certain purposes. Function analysis reveals the intentions or purposes behind the creation of a product or service and thereby identifies the nature of that product or service.Although products and services exist as physical objects or systems, they are not created out of nothing. They are preceded by an idea a concept which is the basis of their creation. Function analysis identifies the nature of products and services by revealing these concepts. Having determined the nature of an object, one can then conceptualize many physical realizations which serve the purpose and choose the realization with the best value. In this manner breakthroughs are designed.Functional decomposition is the process of asking how for each higher level function to derive lower level functions. Functional composition is the process of asking why for each lower level function to derive higher level functions. The result is a tree or systematic diagram of functions which fall under some ultimate top level function. Function analysis is also a primary tool for quality function deployment, requirements engineering, and value engineering. Function Analysis System proficiency Function Analysis System proficiency is an evolution of the value analysis process.FAST permits people with different technical backgrounds to effectively communicate and dismantle issues that require multi-disciplined considerations. FAST builds upon Value Analysis by linking the simply expressed, verb-noun functions to describe complex systems. FAST is not an end product or result, but rather a beginning. It describes the degree or system under study and causes the team to think through the functions that the item or system performs, forming the basis for a wide variety of accompanying approaches and analysis techniques.FAST bears significantly to perhaps the most important phase of value engineering function analysis. FAST is a creative stimulus to explore advanced(a) avenues for performing functions. The FAST diagram is an excellent communications vehicle. Using the verb-noun rules in function analysis creates a common language, crossing all disciplines and technologies. It allows multidiscipline team members to contribute equally and communicate with one another while addressing the problem objectively without bias or preconceived conclusions.With FAST, there are no right or wrong diagrams or result. The problem should be structured until the product development team members are satisfi ed that the real problem is identified. After agreeing on the problem statement, the single most important output of the multi-disciplined team engaged in developing a FAST diagram is consensus. Since the team has been charged with the responsibility of adjudicate the assigned problem, it is their interpretation of the FAST diagram that reflects the problem statement thats important.The team members must discuss and reconfigure the FAST diagram until consensus is reached and all participating team members are satisfied that their concerns are expressed in the diagram. Once consensus has been achieved, the FAST diagram is complete and the team can move on to the next creative phase. The importance of the FAST approach is that it graphically displays function dependencies and creates a process to study function links while exploring options to develop improved systems. Value analysis and its more robust cousin, Function Analysis System Technique, are important analysis tools.These me thodologies lead to improved product designs and lower costs by Providing a method of communication within a product development team and achieving team consensus Facilitating flexibility in thinking and exploring multiple concepts Focusing on essential functions to forgather product requirements Identifying high cost functions to explore improvements The strategic fast diagram for development of POLYU phase 8 development Creativity Phase The purpose of the original Phase is to develop a large number of ideas for alternative ways to perform each function selected for further study.The two approaches to solving a problem are analytical and creative. In the analytical approach, the problem is stated exactly and a direct, step-by-step approach to the solution is taken. An analytical problem is one that frequently has only one solution that will work. The creative approach is an idea-producing process specifically intended to generate a number of solutions, each of which solves t he problem at hand. All solutions could work, but one is better than the others it is the optimum solution among those available.Once a list of potential solutions is generated, determining the best value solution is an analytical process. Creative problem-solving techniques are an indispensable ingredient of effective VE. By using the expertise and experience of the study team members, some new ideas will be developed. The interactive effect of combining the expertise and experience of all team members will lead to a far greater number of possibilities. The subsections that follow describe the activities in the Creative Phase. Once the value study determines the frame, creativity process begins.When a team is present, high-performing team processes are in full affect by now. We unremarkably use at least four creativity techniques. Two brief ones actually occur during the information phase. Two very extensive ones occur during this phase. In the creative phase the value management team put forward suggestions to answer the functions which have been selected for study. There are a number of creative techniques, for example brainstorming, the Gordon technique, the synaptic technique and many more. The main features as below * ? Purpose and need * ? Managing divergent thinking * ?Brainstorming techniques * ? Unrestricted idea generation * ? heavy(a) quantity of ideas is the goal * ? Suspending discernment until the The team develops a broad array of ideas that provide a wide variety of possible alternative ways to perform the function(s) to improve the value of the project. After the FAST diagram and/or cost models have been completed, the VE police squad should begin to generate ideas for each of the poor value basic functions. The objective of brainstorming is to generate as many ideas as possible that could conceivably be developed into alternatives to the original concept.The typical brainstorming session consists of the VE Team spontaneously producing id eas related to the performance of the required function. The Facilitators role during brainstorming is to encourage creative, divergent thinking by the team members. This may be especially critical when the team members, who have been selected for specialized technical expertise, have difficulty considering innovative or unique technical applications. The team leader must levy the need to defer judgment on ideas until as many as possible are generated. Every idea must be recorded for coming(prenominal) evaluation, even those which initially seem absurd.Generate Alternative Ideas In this phase of the study, it is important to generate a free flow of thoughts and ideas for alternative ways to perform the functions selected for study, not how to design a product or service. While creativity tools are available for problem-solving situations, no specific combination of techniques is prescribed for all VE efforts, nor is the degree to which they should be used predetermined. The select ion of specific techniques and the depth to which they are used is primarily a matter of judgment and varies according to the complexity of the event under study.The following describes some idea-generation techniques commonly used in the VE context a) Brainstorming. Brainstorming is a free-association technique groups use to solve specific problems by recording ideas individuals in the group spontaneously contribute. Brainstorming is primarily based on the premise that one idea suggests others, and these suggest others, and so on. Brainstorming could be done by an individual, but experience has shown that a group can generate more ideas collectively than the same number of persons thinking individually.Spelling has suggested combining group and individual brainstorming. He found that after the group brainstorming process was complete, individual brainstorming can generate additional ideas of comparable quality. There are various rules which apply to the management of a brainstormi ng session of which the two most important are firstly, no criticism of any suggestion by word, tone of voice, shrug of shoulders or any other method of indicating rejection is allowed. Secondly, the behave is one of generating as many suggestions as possible. The good suggestions will be randomly scattered amongst all suggestions. In workshop has indicated that in any sample, the number of good suggestions remains fairly constant as proportion of wild suggestions, so the more suggestions that there are, the more good suggestions will be obtained. ) All suggestions are recorded and none are rejected on the grounds of apparent irrelevance. b) Gordon Technique. The Gordon technique is closely related to brainstorming. The principal difference is that no one except the group leader knows the exact nature of the problem under consideration. This difference helps avoid premature ending of the session or egocentric involvement.A participant may cease to produce additional ideas or devote energy only to defending an idea if positive(p) that one of the already proposed ideas is the best solution to the problem. It is more difficult to select a topic for such a session than for a brainstorming session. The thing must be closely related to the problem at hand, but its exact nature must not be revealed until the discussion is concluded. c) Checklist. This technique generates ideas by comparing a logical list of categories with the problem or subject under consideration. Checklists range in type from the specialized to the extremely generalized. ) structural Analysis. Morphological analysis is a structured, comprehensive system for methodically relating problem elements to develop new solutions. In this approach, the problem is defined in terms of its dimensions or parameters, and a model is developed to visualize every possible solution. Problems with too many parameters rapidly become intractable. e) Attribute Listing. This approach lists all the various characteris tics of a subject first and then measures the impact of changes. By so doing, new combinations of characteristics (attributes) that will better fulfill some existing need may be determined. ) Input-Output Technique. The input-output technique (1) establishes output, (2) establishes input as the starting point, and (3) varies combinations of input/output until an optimum mix is achieved. In the creative thinking stage, the workshop participants are divided into groups, each of which is asked to resolve issues identified in the information stage. The spokespersons of each group are then asked to present the findings from their group to all study participants so that further ideas can be created from the other participants.All ideas are welcome, as even those which are seemingly unsuitable, may spark the creative thinking process. Using focused creative lateral thinking process, list, for the select functions, the numerous alternative ideas or options for performing existing or propose d functions. A large quantity of ideas should be generated and recorded at this stage, without ant stoppages for judgment or criticism. Brainstorming is a creativity technique extensively used in value management and much can be found write about it in value management literature.Essentially a brainstorming session is a short-term intensive group doing, where a team of individuals will generate as many ideas as possible for risk events that may adversely affect the project. In a sense, this may be termed negative brainstorming as the team of individuals is trying to determine all the things that may go wrong with the project i. e. the downside risks, as compared with more conventional value management brainstorming where the team is trying to generate ideas for fulfilling functions.Evalution phase The main tasks in this phase inculdie setting up criteria, evaluating and selecting alternatives generated during the creativity phase. Various models and techniquees, such as, cost mode ls, energy models, LCC models and weighted evaluation technique may used during this phase. n this phase, the question what does each alternative cost and how does it perform? Will be answered. Evalution of Ideas Generated Screening Ideas into Categories -Realistically possble (P1) -Remolely possible (P2) -Fantasy (P3)Weighted Evaluation Technique is relevant in Value Mznagement, and particularly value management exercises in situations where a decision needs to be made in selecting an option from a number of competing options where the best option is not immediately identifiable. The first stage in the weighting and scoring methodology is to determine the criteria by which the options are to be judged. In selecting criteria it is important not to select criteria which are highly correlated, for example, when judging between floor finishes , we should not includ criteria such as ease of cleaning with cost of cleaning since the two are highly correlated.For example, when considering internal partitions setiing upbetween the different spaces, a number of options are suggested. In determining the criteria for judging the optons the following are agreed. * The ability of demountable. * Good noise attenuation. * Attractive finish. * Ability to conceal services. * Ability to support fittings and fixturees. * Cost. * Reliability of supply over a period of years. A paiired comparison exercise is then held to determine the weighting to be given to each attribute as shown in the Figure A. The weights are carried forward to the scoring matrix and entered under their respective attributes Figure B.The scoring exercise then determines how well option meets the attributes based on a scale of 1 to 5. These come to are entered in the top left triangle in each cell of the matrix. The score is multiplied by the weight in each cell and the amount entered in the bottom right triangle. all amouts are summed for each option and the total entered. Based upon the decisions taken by the team a traditional stud and rigorous blockwork a close scond. the proprietary partitins did not score well in the exercise and this may require a second look.Indeed a sensitivity analysis should take place by changeing some of weights and some of scores to see the impact. In the exercise below the team gave a high weight to sound attenuation against which some of the proprietary partitions scored poorly. In the evaluation process,the weighted evaluation technique is used to more formally organize the process. Weighted evaluation ensures optimm decisions. good decisions are made by placing the proper emphasis on all criteria. During evaluation, it is impotant to discuss and weigh the following areas * Needs Vs desires Important Vs Unimportant * Design tradeoffs Vs requireed function. On the other hand, the Value of the weighted evaluation technique are * Information / Knowledge sharing * Consensus building * Number of criteria and options Limitatons of the weighted evaluation te chnique are * May be very time consuming * Consistency in the process * Use of other methods such as Analytical Herarchy Process (AHP) may be the possible ways of mitigating the limitations. Since the optimum time to conduct a value review is after the preliminary submittal stage and before working drawng are started.The principal reasons for reistance to changes recommended by VM studies are lack of understanding of VM. On the contrary, VM is designed to be an additional technique for economy and for promoting greater cost effectiveness, but there always generally lack of knowledge of the priniciples and application of VM in the construction area. To overcome the limitations, initially, it was recognized that the preferred place to do VM was during the design phase. Next, all the available information, including cost data, was gathered. Finally, a VM study team wass assembled.The team checked the cost estimate, and then conducted the information and speculative phases of the job p lan. The obective was to verify cost and to develop a list of ideas of probable savings without expending too much time and money. Development Phase When completed the above four stages (Information, Financial analysis, Creativity and Evaluation phases ) then we will reach a critical phase is Development phase. Because the main task of this phase is included investigate selected alternatives in depth, developing them into indite recommendation for mplementation and establishing an action plan with action to be taken and present responsible. This stage is not only to let our client to know all technical and economical evaluation. We should also consideration of the probability and operability of successful implementation, such as availability of labour and materials, capability of building contractor and his sub-contractors. During this stage, we should only tight monitoring the job progress and also periodically review the progress to make the project can reach the optimal result a nd include clients requirement and expectation.Action Plan Upon completion of VM shop, ideas and suggestions have been sought from the VM team members regarding to the development of this Phase 8 Land No. 15 Wylie Path Project. To facilitate the fore coming preliminary design of the projects, an action plan has worked out. We believe this action plan can be utilized as a guideline for the members to carry out follow-up action and also presented as a clear list for subsequent counter-parts to undertake the detail design and even giving indications and advices for future construction works. Item Action Description Environment Issue Liaise with BEAM and seek their advice for the building design 2 Investigate the feasibility of planting more trees around the development 3 Consult from the designer about the natural night design 4 Investigate the feasibility of using recycle construction materials 5 encourage the use of modular building designs and precasting of building components 6 Encourage the use of lean construction the use of lean construction design such as using thinner walls 7 Prompt good handling of raw materials during construction 8 Advise the designer to use of automatic-switching system for air-conditioning and lighting devices. 9 Consult from environmental specialist to minimize the noise during construction 10 Undertake tree survey to preserve the existing trees as many as possible. Avoid tree felling. General Recommendation 11 Assess Traffic impact to the public during construction 12 Encourage better cater service to the new development 13 Incorporate more amenities area to the campus 14 Improve the accessibility of the location. Liaise with relevant public transport company. 15 Investigate whether hair cutting service to be established inside campus 16 Equip with better wi-fi service 17 Investigate the feasibility of school bus service 18 Incorporate with wide diversify cater service 19 Plan for more hall bed 20 Encourage with more acti vities rooms 21 Consider planning for better IT equipment in the campus 22 Investigate the possibility of introducing beauty workshop for the girl student 23 Consider planning for an equipped fitness centre 24 Encourage students to participant more extracurricular activities in this campusPresentation Phase During our presentation phase on 10 April 2010, Dr. Fan Technical Director of the Hong Kong Institute of Value Management had been invited as our group facilitator and he had also given some critical idea. During the presentation phase, we have divided into four small groups and each person should also show their name and party involved, such as Clients representative, construction team members, professional consultant, users departments and relevant government departments etc.During the presentation phase, each parties had been introduce their contribution on the VM workshop and some members also raise-up some questions when they have queries, and the concerned members will exp lain his/her opinion and we want to solve all queries on the workshop or change proposal usually include a statement of the follow-up procedure which are necessary to ensure the implementation We found that be a competent value management specialist is not easy but it is valuable to find a VM specialist to hold a meeting, especially in some large construction project.During the presentation phase, we had learnt that the subject aims to all student that he/she should be able to use some value management methods more efficiently to hold the meeting, such as 1. To understand the value management methodology 2. To use value management tools/techniques such as functional analysis in workshop 3. To organize and manage value management workshop in different phase of a project life cycle 4. To exercise practical creativity skills and work with a team of stakeholder to arrive at innovative solution 5.To ensure value for money for project by applying value management in business and/or techni cal situations 6. To implement the value management methodology and technique in real-life projects. If we can follow all steps and apply suitable technique and lead the value management workshop then I believe that we can reach client requirements. Besides, Hong Kong government also support value management methodology apply in some large public project and this instruction also written on the technical circular 16/98 by Works Bureau in 1988 and technical circular 35/2002 by environment transportation and works representation in 2002.Finally, if we want the value management workshop more effectively that a value management specialist must be a smart, full of tactic and fully understand the whole construction procedure then he/she can ensure to achieve value for money methodology and also fulfilled clients requirement. Summary and Conclusion With the help of Mr. Shen in the morning and Jacky in the afternoon, acting as the facilitator, the VM workshop was completed successfully in early of April.With a brief introduction, we had a clear idea of objectives for the project as well as the VM workshop. Different phases such as information phase and function analysis phase were carried out during the workshop, some key features were learned from each phase. In the Information phase, a short brief was carried out by core team members (i. e. chairman, contractors, consultant, government bodies, etc. ). As such, team members could know more about the projects as well as different roles acted by team members.The main tasks in this phase including collection of historical cost data identifying clients needs, wants and requirements clarifying project givens and assumptions obtaining design standards as well as specifications having a thorough understanding of the project. In the functional analysis phase, the main tasks in this phase are to identify and classify functions and select elements for detailed studies. Techniques such as Function Analysis, FAST Diagram, Funct ion Hierarchy, Priority Matrix may be used during this phase. In our workshop, FAST Diagram and functional matrix were used to determine the function of the Phase 8 Development.Team members understood the use of FAST Diagram and selected suitable functions for further analysis. In the creativity phase, the main task in this phase is to generate a large number of alternative solutions for accomplishing basic functions required by the clients. This task is normally supported by creativity exhilarating techniques, such as Brainstorming, Golden Technique, Synectics, Lateral Thinking. Alternative solutions to the selected functions were proposed in our workshop. Selections of score from 1 to 5 were elected through team members choices.In the evaluation phase, the main tasks in this phase include setting up criteria and evaluating and selecting alternatives generated during the creativity phase. Various models and techniques, such as, cost models, energy models, LCC models, and weighted evaluation technique may be used during this phase. In our workshop, WET is used for evaluation and 3 functions were chosen In the development phase, the main tasks include investigating selected alternatives in depth, developing them into written recommendations for implementation, and establishing an action plan with actions to be taken and persons responsible.This involves not only detailed technical and economic evaluation but also consideration of the probability and operability of successful implementation. done the VM workshop, we can understand and be able to select appropriate projects for VM studies. Besides, we learn to manage critical success factors to ensure successful execution of VM studies. Furthermore, we can understand project under-performance and how VM can address this issue. The last but not the lease, we can know the benefits of VM applications in property and construction.The following are some benefits and advantages that could accrue to a development if V M is utilized It provides a forum for stakeholders Generally the team spirit is enhanced It provides an overall review of the project which many stakeholders previously may not have had access to It identifies constraints, issues and problems which might not otherwise be obvious or have been considered It provides an optimum value for money project with improved functionality It identifies any deficiencies, omissions or superfluous items and any unnecessary costs Assists in crystallizing a clients brief Creates a large return for a minimal investment in the VM study. VM generally pays for itself Apart from the academic view points, many team members express their opinions during the last session in which a song of good ideas are inspired. Most of the team members agreed that many techniques for VM have been learnt in the VM workshop, and such outcomes are useful in the construction industries and also daily life. Some special opinions are also raised in this session such as keeping silence is equal to agree, voice out is more proactive in selecting score for functions.Besides, some members pointed out that in selecting the functions, there is no specific guideline or judgment in evaluating the score, making the score is not subjective. Reflective journals Fong, P. S. W. and Shen, Q. (2000), Is the Hong Kong construction industry ready for value management? International Journal of Project Management, 18, pp. 317-326. Grosvenor, R. (1997), Introduction to Value Management. Value Manager, 3(4), pp. 4-6. Hill and Bowen (1997), Sustainable construction principle and a framework for attainment. Construction Management and Economics, 15(3), pp. 223-239.SAVE International, Value Methodology Standard, The Value Society, 1998. http//www. value-eng. org/pdf_focs/monographs/vmstd. pdf Shen, Q. P. and Liu, G. W. (2004), Applications of value management in the construction industry in China. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 11(1), pp. 9- 19. The website of The Hong Kong Institute of Value Management http//www. hkivm. com. hk/ Ann T. W. Yu, Geoffrey Q. P. Shen, John Kelly and Kirsty Hunter. A How-To-Guide to Value apprizeing. The Hong Kong Polytechnis University and Glasgow Caledonian University 2006 VM in Hong Kong Research and Development Geoffery QP ShenBoddy, D. (2002) Managing Projects Building and Leading the team, Pearson Education, UK. BSI (2000) Value Management, BS EN 129732000 Dell Isola A. J. (1982) Value Engineering in the Construction industry, 3rd edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New Work Construction Industry Board (1997) Brief the team, Thomas Telford Publishing , London Gallupe, R. B. and Cooper, W. H. (1993) Brainstorming Electronically, Sloan Management Review, Fall pp. 27-36 General Condition of Contract for Building Work 2005 http//www. hkbeam. org. hk/fileLibrary/_BEAM%20Plus%20NB. pdf SAVE International (1998) Function commentary and AnalysisShen, Q. O. (1993) A knowledge-based struc ture for Implementing Value Management in the Design of office Building Thiry, M. (1997) Value Management Practice, PMI Publications, Philadelphia Appendix A List of roles of participants NO. Student Name Student No. Party 1 CHAN Chun Ming 08585004g EMSD 2 CHAN Ho Man 08534329g SU 3 CHAN Wai Hung 08569551g Bldg sub-contractor 4 CHAN Wa

Htc Paper

Evaluate HTCs performance to date. What argon its competitive advantages and vulnerabilities? Cher Wangs vision was to maturate a hand-held computer like device and HTC eventually developed its first PDA, the iPAQ in 2000. HTC has always been behind the scenes by just interchange high-quality, un snitched phones to stall phone manufacturers and wireless network operators.Eventually, HTC was commissioned to be an original design manufacturer (ODM), which means that HTC only had little responsibility for gross sales, marketing, or inventory perplexity as HTC manufactured smartphones for branded handset companies and it designed phones for service providers such(prenominal) as T-Mobile and Vodafone and it supported operators by helping them build unique value propositions and optimise their services. This helped them differentiate from other ODMs and the alert phone operator business provided break out profit margins.Then HTC took the plunge and started its own brand operations by aim phones, which would be sold with the brand name of HTC. They postulateed to differentiate it from competitors and have greater control over the companys future. They concentrate oned on high-end prosumer (the carrefour of professionals and consumers) market. Revenue had so ard from $1. 1 billion to $4. 6 billion in a span of 4 years and the gross profit jumped from a mere $212 million to a staggering $1. 5 billion dollars in the same time with sales in more than 70 countries.In 2009, the global recession menace to slow down consumer spending but since HTC had a diverse customer base and focused on a high-growth market it expected to remain sales growth. Because price expectancies from a customer point of view were quite low, HTC had to lower its average sales price. It had to increase the parcel of common components to deliver significant improvements in terms of economies of scale. They tried to do it by using lower ASP, which could help reduce its dependency on ope rators.They also lowered production cost by opening up a second production facility in Shanghai and moving manufacturing to Mainland China. As far as the competitive advantages are concerned, a dynamic CEO who had laid out a clear-cut vision led HTC. They started out with a PDA device that represented more than 80% of its revenue and they didnt stop at that point. The CEO was already thinking about the next growth platform, which was the mobile telecommunication market. The influence of the CEO who is driven to achieve stretch goals has shown to be a big strength to the company.Their advanced product innovation gave them the position to make do with big brands as Microsoft, Google and Vodafone. They became the first Formosan company to secure a 3G permit. All of this led to HTCs share price to surge 1000% between 2003 and 2006. As far as vulnerabilities are concerned, as one analyst rightly predicted, mobile market is like soup du jour Today one brand is hot, and tomorrow its le ftover. It means that the market is so volatile that a company to be successful, it has to do a lot of investment in R&D to be able to compete and drive product innovation which will eventually make the company stronger.HTC was late to the already crowded mobile market, which could make it a less beaten(prenominal) brand name. The company hardly had any patents, which means that they are bound to make high expenses on royalty payments to other companies. They were so used to selling custom ordered phones for niche market called prosumers and it could weaken the position of HTC due to high costs incurred by the company. Discuss HTCs Operating musical arrangements (OS) strategy. Going forward, should it focus on Android or develop new directions?In 2009, the majority of Smartphones ran on one of five systems- Symbian, RIMs Blackberry OS, Apples OS X, Microsofts Windows Mobile and Palm. Despite of the high market share, the operating(a) system of Microsoft, Windows Mobile, shows more disadvantages then advantages for HTC corp. The view of Windows Mobile does not fit with HTC anymore. HTC want to be seen as a firm with high-quality innovative products with attractive designs and function, where as Windows Mobile is seen by as customers as unfriendly with unattractive design.The new atom Diamond Smartphone of HTC received bad reviews because of Windows Mobile OS and its interface. In comparison, Google Android market is still young. Despite that it has no high market share yet, their share in the Smartphone OS platform market is likely to be doubled by end of 2010. Android phones contribute already more then a third of HTCs total sale, so this can only benefit both companies in a positive way and Android has no license fee in comparison to Windows Mobile. Creating an own operating system is a good possibility too.Because of the increasing competition on smart phones, HTC needs to arrive at their brand name more then ever. With its high innovative power, it can create the right system that fits with the view of the company focusing on a high quality product that is affordable. Because creating an own operating system has major costs, HTC needs to drop Windows Mobile OS and save the operating fees that it has to pay for Microsoft. Having verbalise that, it has to really create an OS that is very different than others and its a very big challenge.HTC might anger Google if it decides to create its own operating system and might have to face some trouble. So, there are a lot of pluses and minuses from both sides. Below are some of the advantages and disadvantages of creating a new HTC operating system Advantages The company is highly innovative and the product designs are excellent and have already proven that it could move fast in the rapidly evolving mobile market. Company embraces a culture of constantly experimenting with new ideas and technology.So an own Operating System fits the company, its culture and their competencies. Owning an op erating system will establish the brand name of HTC. Disadvantages It would cost a minimum of $200 million to develop a new OS double what HTC spent in R&D. greet is a major disadvantage of creating operating system. The market for mobile OS is already very crowed. The HTC operating system will face severe competition. What are your recommendations for HTC to help it become the leading Smartphone company in the world?HTC has proved itself to be a good competitor in smartphone business and to become the leading smartphone company it has to enter into developing countries like China and India where 3G networks has just opened up and hardly 5% of its total mobile market owns a smartphone. Geographically, mainland China is so close to both the countries and since it has already built production and manufacturing facilities in China, it can really make a big inequality in grant chain management. If it can come up with a wide variety of smartphones that is affordable by middle class p eople, it could make a huge difference in its revenue and profit margins.The immediate step to increase the sales would be to target the area where companies/customers are looking for alternatives. One of those target areas should be businesses professionals as currently the offering from RIM is receiving a big beating with its service and HTC could prove to be a better alternative for RIM if it could develop phones that could offer seamless service to customers by offering better compatibility to exchange, IM client and office integration apps.This will make them build a strong customer base and also help HTC to build its brand value in the market place. HTC should also target the niche market with producing smartphones with greater processor speeds, better camera, big screen phones, phones with touch screens, phones with qwerty keypads, phones with better integration with gaming devices like PlayStation, Xbox and Wii, good integration with social networking apps like Twitter, Face book, Linked In et al.It could also collaborator with several companies and come up with hardware and software integration apps that are uncommitted as part of its OS but the same apps are available for a fee on other phones. An example would be to offer free voice enabled GPS system on every HTC phone by partnering with companies such as TomTom or Garmin and sharing revenue with them. This would create an edge for its products and will be a better alternative for other company phones.

Aristotle’s Definition Of Virtue

Nowadays, virtues ar associated with refine ment and nobility of wizards character. Aristotle believed that virtue is a function of the disposition that guides both activity of an single(a). Thus, every action illuminates the discretion of an individual to act freely the chosen disposition. Since every human being has a soul and virtue is its activity, can we classify every action as virtuous action? In Nicomachaen Ethics, Aristotle examined the inter-relations among the purpose of every human action, virtues, and vices in the achievement of happiness.Aristotle believed that the supreme uncorrupted is the ultimate goal of every human endeavor. What then is the commodity for a man that can be possibly attained through his endeavors? It is happiness but relatively defined vulgar men associated it with pleasure patch people with refined character ascribed it to honor. While these things are pursued to achieve happiness in ones self, but good should be pursued not only for ha ppiness but for the good itselfas an end. The good brings happiness and is associated with function or activity.For instance, if you are a behest piano player then, you are good in playing piano for you are functioning well. The well-performance of your function creates happiness not only for yourself but also for the others, thus, giving you a unique identity. In the same line of reasoning, soul is an aspect of humans that differentiated them from the rest of the animals. Thus, mans function concerns the soul. The rational component of the soul controls mans impulses, thus, makes him virtuous.Therefore, human good turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if in that location are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. As such, the nature of virtue then should be explored. Moral Virtues The product of teaching is the intellectual virtue while object lesson virtue resulted from the habit. Thus, it is never the trip that object lesson virtue arises spontaneously on mans being. Moral virtues are inculcated in mans soul and perfected by habits. For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. For if all men are naturally born good or severely, adept or inept in certain skills, teachers have no sense at all. On the same ground, moral virtues can be learned or destroyed in ones soul by interacting with others we may start out just or unjust by experiencing perils we may become brave or coward and other circumstances may impart hedonism, ill-temperance, or self-indulgence. Moreover, by absorbing moral virtues at very young progress, neat difference will be made in ones soul. Since it is through training, virtues are acquired training then at very young age can mold virtuous someoneality.Conditions for the Conduct of Virtues Just and temperate actions are done by a man who has the sense of justice and temperance. But if the acts that are in accordance with the virtues h ave themselves a certain character it does not follow that they are done justly or temperately. Several conditions are inevitable for the conduct of every virtuous action knowledge of virtues disposition for virtuous actions and power to do virtuous actions. Hence, knowledge on virtues is not enough to become virtuous rather, the disposition to put virtues into actions is a must.It is common sense to us, for example, that insufficient food and water taken into the body results to poor nutrition while a balanced diet ensures good health. So too is it, then, in the case of temperance and courage and other virtues. Avoidance of fears leads to timidity while extreme braveness endangers ones life absolute abstinence creates insensibility while hedonism shapes ones indulgence. Since wrong doings are committed due to pleasure and solemn character is avoided due to pain, pleasures and pain then are subjects of every virtue.The Doctrine of the Mean Now neither virtues nor the vices are p assions, because we are not called good or bad on the ground of our passions, but are so called on the ground of our virtues and our vices. Passions, faculties, and states of character exist in the soul passions are desires faculties are abilities to grasp passions and states of character are the choices to either put the passion in action or not. Feelings of pains and pleasures or passions, and the knowledge on good or bad are not virtues for virtues involve modes of choice.In addition, we naturally have faculties and desires. The mans virtue then, involves the state of character that makes the realization of every desire that either good or bad. For instance, both fear and confidence and appetite and anger and pity and in general pleasure and pain may be matt-up too much or too little, and in both cases not well but to feel them at the discipline times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right motive, and in the right way, is what is both in termediate and best, and this is the characteristic of virtue. The deficient and excess among the activities that give pleasure or pain is a vice while moral virtues lie in between of these deficiency and excessiveness, hence, the reckon. However, the mean can not be found among actions which are entirely wrong such as crimes and envy. For the mean among entirely wrong actions is either its excess or deficiency, but however, they are done they are entirely wrong for in general there is neither a mean of excess and deficiency, nor excess and deficiency of a mean. Also, an extreme of a particular activity can be closer to its mean such as in the case of courage courage is more of rashness than cowardice. This is so because of the things that are farther from its mean are its opposites. Moreover, Aristotles thought of the mean is not a strict doctrine since the things and degree of happiness for each individual varies, so as the extent to which the mean for every case lies. It is onl y through the aid of our practical reason that we may determine the mean in a particular situation.Thus, virtue is a set of unconditional dispositions for the governance ones action towards the skill of happiness. Happiness then is not achieved unless one acted in accordance with his virtuous dispositions. Since actions are the concern of moral virtues, the attributes then of which should be examined. The Nature of Actions The nature of actions was classified by Aristotle as spontaneous, nonvoluntary and involuntary. Involuntary actions are done against ones disposition voluntary actions are in accordance with the disposition and nonvoluntary actions are accidentally done due to ignorance.Since virtue governs ones disposition to act in accordance with the mean, the primary basis then of a virtuous action is the goodness of choice. For an action is always a product of premeditated choice of an individual for the attainment of ones purpose, it is therefore voluntary. This also sati sfies the conditions that Aristotle believed are necessary for virtue knowledge, volition, and doing. On the other hand, if an individual was forced for a certain action, although face involuntary, he is still responsible for that action for he has a choice for not doing.Meanwhile doing things because of ignorance is involuntary if at the end, one recognizes ignorance while failure to do so, makes it nonvoluntary. For instance, if a drunkard is addicted to liquor due to inability to discern virtuous things, the person then is guilty of ignorance and the action is nonvoluntary. If at some draw of time, the person realized his ignorance, the action then becomes involuntary. With these, only ignorance can excuse an action to be called a vice but has limitation.If after realizing virtuous things, the person has continued to be a drunkard, then the action is voluntary and he is therefore vicious. Conclusion For Aristotle therefore, virtues are dispositions that acted in accordance with the doctrine of the mean towards the attainment of happiness. Happiness can not be achieved by merely just having or knowing virtues, rather by putting virtuous dispositions into actions. Thus, virtue is an combat-ready condition that makes one apt at choosing.